1. Molecular biology
Unit 2
By Pallavi Bohra

2. Nucleic acids allow organisms to transfer genetic information from one generation to the next. 
First discovered by Friedrich Miescher from the nuclei of the pus cell from discarded surgical bandages and called it nuclein.
There are two types of nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic acid, better known as DNA and ribonucleic acid, better known as RNA.
When a cell divides, its DNA is copied and passed from one cell generation to the next generation.
Nucleic acid

3. Nucleic acid continue…..
Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotide monomers.
Nucleotides contain three parts.
A Nitrogenous Base
A Five-Carbon Sugar
A Phosphate Group
DNA consists of the four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).
Nucleic acid continue…..

4. Nucleic acid continue….
DNA and RNA each consists of four different nucleotides.
All nucleotides have a common structure: a phosphate group linked by a phosphoester bond to a pentose (a five-carbon sugar molecule) that in turn is linked to an organic base.
In RNA, the pentose is ribose; in DNA, it is deoxyribose.
The bases adenine, guanine, and cytosine are found in both DNA and RNA; thymine is found only in DNA, and uracil is found only in RNA.
Nucleic acid continue….

7. Nucleosides and nucleotides
Base
Ribonucleoside
Deoxyribonucleoside
Adenine
Adenosine (A)
deoxyadenosin (dA),
Guanine
Guanosine (G)
deoxyguanosine (dG)
Cytosine
Cytidine (C)
deoxycytidine(dC)
Uracil
Uridine (U)
deoxyuridine(dU)
Thymine
Ribothymine (T)
Deoxythymidine(dT)
Base
Ribonucleotide
Deoxynucleotide
Adenine
AMP,ADP,ATP
dAMP,dADP,dATP
Guanine
GMP,GDP,GTP
dGMP,dGDP,dGTP
Cytosine
CMP,CDP,CTP
dCMP,dCDP,dCTP
Uracil
UMP,UDP,UTP
dUMP,dUDP,dUTP
Thymine
rTMPTDP,TTP
dTMP,dTDP,dTTP
Nucleosides and nucleotides

8. Chemical structure of ATP
ATP -> ADP + P + energy, or ATP -> AMP + 2P + energy
Chemical structure of ATP

9. Polynucleotide formed by condensation of two or more nucleotides.
Occurs between the alcohol of a 5’ phosphate of one nucleotide and 3-hydroxyl of a second with the elimination of H2O, forming a phosphodiester bond.
The primary structure of DNA and RNA proceeds in 5’ to 3 ‘ direction.
Common presentation 5’-pGpApTpC-3’
Polynucleotide

10. Polynucleotide

11. Interesting, right?
This is just a sneak preview of the full presentation. We hope you like it! To see the rest of it, just click here to view it in full on PowerShow.com. Then, if you’d like, you can also log in to PowerShow.com to download the entire presentation for free.