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Chapter 10: Multitasking
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OVERVIEW
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EFFORT AND RESOURCE DEMAND
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Performance-resource function
Resource limited, data limit
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Allocation policy Sustained atttention
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multiplicity
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Stages The stage dichotomy of the multiple resource model
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Processing Codes Analog/spatial processing and categorical/symbolic (linguistic and verbal) processing
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Perceptual Modalities
Visual and auditory modalities
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Visual Channels Focal and ambient vision
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A Computational Model Analog/spatial processing and categorical/symbolic (linguistic and verbal) processing
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EXECUTIVE CONTROL, SWITCHING, AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
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Executive control system
Interruption management Task management
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Task Switching Switch cost Stimulus complexity
Amplified cost with shortened switch intervals
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Interruption Management
S1 properties of the OT Engagement Modality Dynamics Priority of the OT Subgoal completion Delay in S1
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Interruption Management
Switch 1 properties of the IT: Salience and modality Auditory preemption Sensory preemption Preattentive alerting
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Interruption Management
S2: Quality of return to OT Resumption lag Visibility Similarity
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From Interruption Management to Task Management
Urgency Importance Task duration
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DISTRACTED DRIVING
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Mechanisms of Interference
Effort and resource demand Multiple resource structure Resource allocation
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Cell Phone Interference
Do cell phones interfere with driving? What are the mechanisms of interference? Are hand-free cell phones safer than hand held phones?
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TASK SIMILARITY, CONFUSION AND CROSSTALK
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INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN THE TIME SHARING
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Expertise and Attention
Time sharing skill Visual scanning Interruption management Attention flexibility
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Training Expertise in Timesharing Skills
Scanning training Interruption management training Attention management training Between-task interaction
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Aging and Attention Skills
Age-related deficiencies in the resource allocation Suffer greater from distractions Some degradation in executive control
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