1. Developing Supporting Material
Mackenzie, Mika, Bailey, Sarah H, Zach, Sara B

2. Offer Examples Illustrate, describe, or represent things
Brief Examples: offer a single illustration of a point
Extended Examples: offer multifaceted illustrations of the idea, item, or event being described
Hypothetical Example: What you believe the outcome might be

3. Share Stories Also called narrative
Stories help make sense of an experience
Anecdotes- brief stories to keep interest of audience, often include humor

4. Draw on Testimony
Testimony- first hand findings, eye witness accounts, peoples opinions
Expert Testimony- from an expert
Lay testimony- by non-experts(ex. Eyewitness)
Want to quote or phrase people with knowledge of your topic?

5. Draw on Testimony When using a testimony in a speech use… Name
Qualifications
When
Where
Name
Expert?
When (doesn’t need to be stated, should be recorded) use recently and last year
Where
Ex. In testimony, Mrs. Enders, a high school teacher, said in class yesterday….

6. Provide Facts and Statistics
Most people need evidence to accept a new idea or point of view
Facts: documented occurrences, actual events, dates, times, people, places
Statistics: numerical / quantified evidence that summarizes, compares & predicts things

7. Use Statistics Accurately
Statistics can be an effective way to prove a point IF used correctly
Know what the numbers mean, describe them accurately
Use sparingly. Don’t overload a speech with numerical data.

8. Use Statistics to Indicate Counts
Frequency – a count of the number of times something occurs
Frequencies help an audience differentiate between categories, indicate size, or describe trends

9. Use Percentages to Express Proportion
Percent - portion of the whole
Useful for comparing categories of something
Example from the book:
Nearly 8 percent of April 2007 flights were delayed by aviation system delays; over 7 percent by late-arriving aircraft; over 6 percent by factors within the airline’s control, such as maintenance or crew problems; 0.70 percent by extreme weather; and 0.06 percent for security reasons.

10. Use Averages to Describe Typical Characteristics
Average - describes information according to characteristics
Is thought of sum divided by the number of scores
Mean - average
Median - the middle number
Mode - the number that appears most often

11. Presenting your Statistics Ethically
Only give reliable statics…the more information you can find about the statistic the more reliable it is bound to be
Avoid confusing your audience with the “absolute truth”…avoid saying that your statistics are definitive
One last tip: Avoid “Cherry picking.” Cherry picking is using statistics that only help your point of view and ignoring the competing statistics.

12. Refer Orally to Your Sources
You as the speaker includes the adjectives “landmark” to signal the credibility for the information in your speech.
When using websites make sure to check the creditability of the website. If you cannot contact the source, it is probably not a good source.
.edu- educational
.gov- government
.mil- military
.org- non profit organization
.com- business/commercial
.net- network

13. Checklist To evaluate your research needs, do you need……
Examples to describe or represent your ideas?
A story to drive your point home?
Firsthand findings, in the form of testimony, to strengthen your argument?
Relevant facts to validate your statements?
Statistics to demonstrate relationships?