1. Oceanography The Tides
________are the daily rise and fall of ocean water level caused by the ________&_____ gravitational pull, but mainly the ________.
2 high and 2 low tides occur daily
_______ — _________tidal range because the moon, sun, and Earth are in alignment (full/new moon)
_______ — _________tidal range worldwide; happens during quarter moon phases
The Tides

2. Currents & Weather
Current systems are created by the ________Effect and Wind. In the Northern Hemisphere, currents turn clockwise and warm water moves toward the poles and cold water moves toward the equator (convection currents)
Sea level can change. Sea level _____when polar ice caps ______and sea level goes _______when more ice is _________.
Waves are generated by the _______
The ocean is the largest reservoir of heat…therefore, it drives most of the Earth’s _______systems

3. Salinity, Element Concentrations, and Density Currents
__________is the amount of salt in the water. Average salinity is 3.5%. Because of the salt, ocean water is more ________than fresh water. The salt is washed off the continents by ______& concentrated in the ocean.
Concentration of elements in the ocean (contains 70 elements, here are the top 3):
55% ________(from volcanoes)
31% ________(from rivers)
4% magnesium
Density currents occur when dense seawater moves to a less dense area.
Cold water moves to warm areas
Water with salt is more dense. Evaporation or the formation of ice may cause the salinity of water to ________.
Rainfall & melting of ice causes salinity of water to ________.

4. Life in the Ocean ______ Species—live in seawater
Species types in the oceans
______ Species—live in seawater
______ species—live on the ______
__________________ – Primary Producers of the Oceanic Food Web
Source of energy is ______
They include diatoms, coccolithophores, __________________ especially synechococcus and prochlorococcus, and dinoflagellates. Overall, they are called ______ .
Phytoplankton are primary producers because they use solar energy to convert CO2 and nutrients into carbohydrates and other molecules used by life. This is called ____________. Together, they account for about 95% of the primary productivity in the ocean and about half of all primary productivity on earth.

5. More Oceanography
__________occurs when cold water sink and forces the water on the bottom to be pushed to the surface, resulting in cold bottom water rising to fill the gap. This nutrient-rich water provides extreme amounts of food for fish, therefore upwelling areas are known for rich ___________activity.
__________— areas where fresh water rivers meet salt water areas. The Chesapeake Bay is an example. There are variations in salinity (salt content) and diverse biological life.

6. Features of Ocean Floor
Extending out from a continent's edge is a gently sloping, shallow area called the continental shelf (__).  At the edge of the shelf, the ocean floor drops off in a steep incline called the continental slope (__).  The continental slope marks the true edge of the continent, where the rock that makes up the continent stops and the rock of the ocean floor begins.  Beyond this slope is the abyssal plain (__), a deep, smooth and nearly flat area of the ocean floor.  In some places, deep, steep-sided canyons called trenches (__) cut into the abyssal plain. These indicate a _____________boundary.  A continuous range of mountains called the mid-ocean ridge (__) winds around Earth. These indicate a _____________ boundary.  There are mountains on the abyssal plain, too.  Some reach above the ocean surface to form volcanic islands (__).  Others, called seamounts (__), are volcanoes completely under water.