1. Global History Regents Review Tuesday, May 7th, World War One and the Russian Revolution Mrs.Newman

2. Causes of WWI: Remember MANIA!

3. M ILITARISM
A LLIANCES
N ATIONALISM
I MPERIALISM
Anarchy
Crisis

4. Militarism
Militarism means building up a country’s military to prepare for war.
Militarism led to conflict because European countries began to compete with one another to have the most weapons and best technology, causing nations to feel threatened by one another.
New weapons and technology included:

5. Machine Guns

6. Chemical Weapons

7. Tanks

8. Submarines

9. Alliances Countries that support one another during times of war.
This led to conflict as countries began to feel threatened by other regions who joined opposing alliances.

11. WWI Alliances

12. Nationalism
Nationalism: Feeling an intense level of pride in one’s nation.
Nationalism led to tension as each European power took efforts to demonstrate the superiority of their nation.

13. Imperialism
Imperialism is when stronger countries take over and dominate weaker territories.
This led to tension as European countries began competing for foreign territories (colonies)

14. Anarchy
There were no international governing bodies to deal with the growing tensions in Europe. (No League of Nations or United Nations…yet!)

15. Crisis
Serbs were angry with Austria for trying to dominate Serbia and its neighbors in the Balkans.
Serbs formed secret societies like the Black Hand Society to plan ways to remove Austrian power from Serbian areas.
Austria-Hungary demanded to lead its own investigation of the assassination in Serbia. Serbia refused, causing Austria-Hungary to declared war on Serbia.

16. Balkan Powder Keg

17. Trench Warfare
A type of combat in which opposing troops fight from underground trenches facing each other.
“No Man’s Land” refers to the area in between the two opposing trenches.
Trenches were used to protect soldiers from new, more advanced and lethal weapons.

19. WWI was a TOTAL WAR
A Total War is a war that requires the complete cooperation of all citizens, including soldiers and civilians at home.
During a total war, all members of society feel the effects of warfare to varying degrees including rationing food and various products to hand-making uniforms to support the war effort.

22. Russia Exits WW1
Russia pulls itself out of WWI on March 3, 1918 by signing the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. This happened for various reasons:
Russia was not nearly as industrialized as the other countries fighting in WWI. Therefore, Russia’s military lacked the advanced weapons and technology needed to defend itself and attack enemy nations.
Many Russians expected to lose the war and did not want to continue fighting.
Russia’s already widely unpopular Czar Nicholas II (monarch) refused to pull Russia out of WWW, angering many people.

23. Causes of the Russian Revolution
Russia was ruled by the Romanov Monarchy for hundreds of years.
Czar Nicholas II was very unpopular for many reasons
1905 Bloody Sunday: Czar Nicholas II ordered his troops to fire at a crowd of protesters.
He used censorship.
He used his secret police force to spy on citizens.
Peasants complained of unfair land distribution and high taxes.
People blamed the Czar for making Russia fight in WWI.
As Russia began to industrialize, the gap between the rich and the poor widened. Many began to support communist ideas and unite under the Bolshevik Party.

24. The Bolshevik Revolution
Vladimir Lenin became the leader of the growing communist Bolshevik Party in Russia. Lenin appealed to the poor peasants by promising “Land, Peace, and Bread”.
Sweeping waves of protests and riots caused Czar Nicholas II to abdicate the throne in March of A provisional (temporary) government was established.
In October of 1917, Lenin and his Bolshevik Party took control of the government. This would eventually evolve into a dictatorship.
Russian Civil War ( ) broke out between the White Army (supporters of the Czar) and the Red Army (supporters of the Bolsheviks)
July, 1917: The Romanov family is executed to ensure that monarchy does not return to Russia.
Later, in 1921, Lenin implemented his New Economic Plan (NEP) to stimulate the economy.

25. The U.S. Enters WWI
The United States was neutral for most of WWI but decided to join the war on April 6, 1917 for various reasons:
Sinking of the Lusitania (May, 1915). Germany sunk a British passenger ship carrying British and American people. Despite German promises, Germany continued to attack passenger ships belonging to enemy nations.
The Zimmerman Telegram (1917): Germany sent a telegram to Mexico, seeking to make an alliance. Germany proposed that if war broke out between the U.S. and Germany, Mexico should align with Germany and declare war on the U.S. In turn, Mexico could regain their lost territories of Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. Unfortunately for the Germans, the message was intercepted by the British and swiftly sent over to the American government.

26. End of WWI Nov 11,1918
Despite being highly industrialized and militarized, Germany and its allies lost to the Allied Powers.
One reason why Germany struggled so much was because it had to fight a war on two fronts with enemies on both sides.
Also, the U.S. entering the war on the Allied side provided much needed aid to the Allies, while also crippling the Central Powers.

28. Efforts to Prevent another World War
Wilson’s 14 Points Plan for world peace after WWI ended.
End to secret alliances
Freedom of the seas
Equal trade among nations
Self-determination: national groups have the right to form their own country/government
Wilson also promoted his League of Nations:
an international peace keeping organization to prevent future wars.
Lacked a military, making it weak.
The U.S. did not join because many people worried that this would entangle Americans into future world conflicts.

30. Decisions made at the Treaty of Versailles
Germany must accept full blame for WWI.
Germany must agree to pay war reparations to the Allied nations.
Germany must surrender its colonies and some of its territory to other nations.
Germany’s military must not exceed 100,000 soldiers. Certain types of weapons and technology are forbidden.
Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Austro-Hungarian Empire.

32. Clause 231 ‘the war guilt clause’: The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies. Article 231, Treaty of Versailles, 1919 This clause allowed moral justification for the other terms of the treaty…

33. Cost of the War
Germany must pay the Allies $33 billion (about 402 billion today) dollars in war reparations.

34. Germany’s Colonies
Germany must surrender all of her colonies. The newly formed organization, League of Nations, will control these areas temporarily.