1. Pharmacognosy 2
PHG 203 Week (3)
Dr Heba

2. Fruits 3

3. Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)
a2- The natural drugs characteristics (belonging to fruits, herbs, barks, woods and subterraneans) as sources for pharmaceutical active ingredients. a3- The different medicinal applications of the selected drugs in the alternative and complementary therapy in relation to their active constituents. c1- Select the most appropriate methods for identification and purification of the selected drugs based on macroscopical, microscopical and/or chemical criteria. c2- Suggest the most suitable natural drugs (from the selected ones) as remedies for treatment of several diseases and disorders. d1- Express well all studied information with their clear special terminological principles. d2- Draw skillfully all scientific drawings related to the studied course.

4. AMMI VISNAGA الخله البلدى
Origin: dried ripe fruits of Ammi- visnaga, family: umbellifereae
Color: greenish- brown with violet tinge
Active constituents:
Furanochromone bitter principals:
Khellin, visnagin, visnadin.
Protein & fixed oil.

5. T.S. oF Ammi-visnaga:
Mesocarp is composed of parenchyma traversed longitudinally
by the schizogenous vittae, on the outer side of which is a group
of radiating club-shaped cells

6. A. Visnaga T.S. Orthospermous endosperm lacuna Fan like structure
IML of mesocarp1ry

7. 1-Smooth muscle relaxant
Uses:
1-Smooth muscle relaxant
Reduce tonicity of ureter, used to ease passage of renal calculi in case of renal colics
Khellin is a selective coranary vasodilator, so used in treatment of angina pectoris, bronchial asthma
2- As a source of khellin

8. Special test: Khellin test:
The aqueous decoction of the powder or crushed fruits is poured over solid KOH
a rose red color is produced within two minutes
N.B.: powder boiled with water not KOH

9. Key element:
(Porous layer)

10. Porous layer indistinct parquetry endocarp

11. AMMI MAJUS: الخله الشيطانى
Origin: Dried ripe fruits of Ammi majus, Fam. Umbelliferae
Color: yellowish-brown
without violet tinge
Active constituents:
Furano-coumarin bitter principles:
Ammoidin, Ammidin.
Uses: In treatment of leukodermia, alopecia and vitiligo.

12. Orthospermous endosperm
A. majus T.S.
Epicarp
Crown shape V.B
Orthospermous endosperm
Mesocarp
Endocarp
Testa
• Showing 5 1ry ridges & 4 2ry ridges equally prominent.
Fan-like structure

13. A. visnaga A. majus • Indistinct parquetry • Distinct parquetry
1)Epicarp
Non papillosed
papillosed
2)Mesocarp
Vittae: in 2ry ridge region surrounded by slightly radiating cells (fan like str.).
B)Vascular bundle:
•Crescent shaped •Crown shape, no around a wide empty lacuna
vittae (lacuna).
C) IML:
•Polygonal cells with •Non porous.
porous walls.
3)Endocarp
• Indistinct parquetry • Distinct parquetry

14. Special test of A. majus:
The Alcoholic extract of A. majus powder gives a blue fluorescence in U.V. light (due to furano-coumarins).
N.B.: it gives –ve Khellin test

15. Colocynth: الحنظل (bitter apple)
Origin: The dried pithy pulp of unripe fruit of Citrullus colocynthis, F: cucurbitaceae. deprived of its seeds and outer hard pericarp.
It is a type of fruit succulent & berry fruit called Pepo.
Pepo: Berry with hard, thick rind, typical fruit of family cucurbitaceae.
Pithy pulp: it is the fleshy part of the fruit consisting of yellowish white mesocarp, (placenta and endocarp), the fruits are used after peeling (removal of the epicarp and seeds).

16. Morphology:

17. Colocynth: Shape: globular, spherical
Color: white or pale yellowish white
Kind: true, simple, succulent, berry (pepo)
Odor: odorless
Taste: strongly bitter persistant
Size: about 10 cm in diameter and trilocular containing seeds representing about 70% of the total weight.

18. Active constituents & uses:
Alkaloids .
Resin.
A glycoside known as cucurbitacin E.
Flavonoids (vitixin & iso-vitixin).
Uses:
Strong Purgative (due to the presence of alkaloid & resin).
As antitumer drug (due to presence of cucurbitacin E, which has necrosing activity).
Used as antimicrobial drug (presence of flavonoid glycoside).
N.B. It is contraindicated in pregnancy, because it causes abortion.

19. Key element: Color: yellowish – white or buff Odor: faint
Taste: intensely bitter persistent

20. Folk medicine uses: Special test:
Colocynth was used in folk medicine to treat lycanthropy (wolf-like creature), either being placed under a curse or (e.g. via a bite or scratch from another wolf).
Special test:
Powder  80% H2SO red color due to its alkaloidal content.

21. Non –official Fruits

22. Black pepper الفلفل الأسود
Origin: it is the dried unripe but fully grown fruits of piper nigrum , family: piperaceae.
Type of the fruit: true, simple, succulent, drupe
Active constituents:
Alkaloids: piperine, piperidine
Volatile oil
Alkaloids responsible for the pungent taste .
They gives – ve Mayer’s test

23. Black pepper : Use: 1- condiment 2-stomachic 3- irritant stimulant
N.B.: White pepper: obtained from piper nigrum by removing the outer dark part of pericarp

24. Ajowan fruit ثمار (النخوه الهندى)
Origin: The dried ripe fruits of Carum copticum F. Umbelliferae.
Active constituents:
Volatile oil: Its main component is thymol
USES:
In case of renal colic, (Expulsion of renal calculi)
Flatulence.
Antiseptic in skin diseases
Anthelmintic.

25. Hops: حشيشة الدينار The dried strobiles of Humulus lupulus , F.
Cannabinaceae
Active constituents:
Volatile oil, rich in Humulene
Tannin, sugar, fatty acid
Acidic bitter principle: Humulone and lupulone
USES:
The volatile oil has sedative action
Bitter principles :stomachic, improve appetite and promote sleep
Used in beer manufacture.

26. Poppy capsule: الخشخاش
The dried unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum F., Papaveraceae.
Active constituents:
The principle const. Is the Opium which contain from % of Morphine in ripe fruit, but the unripe contains higher % of Morphine.
Meconic acid (organic acid found only in the latex of opium of poppy), used as analytical marker for presence of opium.
Uses:
Strong analgesic (one of the strong pain relievers).

27. Poppy capsule: الخشخاش
The milky latex sap of opium poppies contains
isoquinoline alkaloids(morphine, codeine and thebaine).
Morphine is named after Morpheus the god of sleep, while (somniferum) means "to sleep" in Latin
Morphine is acetylated to produce diacetylmorphine-
better known as heroin. 

28. Cumin fruit: الكمون The dried ripe fruit of Cuminum cyminum,
F. Umbelliferae
Active constituents:
volatile oil, its main component is cuminaldehyde
USES:
Stimulant and carminative