1. Warm Up
How are skin cells different from skeletal muscle cells? (list anything—structure, function, appearance, abundance, etc.)

2. Cells and Tissues Part 2
Chapter 3 p88-104

3. Objective Checklist
Name the four major tissue types and their major subcategories. Explain how each type differs structurally and functionally.
Describe the process of tissue repair
Explain the significance that some tissue types are largely amitotic
Define neoplasm, and distinguish between benign and malignant tumors

4. Types of Tissue
Four primary types

5. Epithelial Tissue Found in different areas Body coverings Body linings
Glandular tissue
Functions
Protection
Absorption
Filtration
Secretion

6. Epithelial Tissue (Characteristics)
Cells fit closely together
Tissue layer always has one free (apical) surface
The lower surface is bound by a basement membrane (a thin sheet of fibers that borders the deeper connective tissue)
Avascular (have no blood supply)
Regenerate easily if well nourished

7. Epithelial Tissue (Classification)
Number of cell layers
Simple – one layer
Stratified – more than one layer

8. Epithelial Tissue (Classification)
Shape of cells
Squamous – flattened
Cuboidal – cube-shaped
Columnar – column-like

9. Epithelial Tissue (types)
Simple squamous
Single layer of flat cells
Usually forms membranes
Lines body cavities
Lines lungs (gas exchange)
Lines capillaries (gas/nutrient exchange)

10. Epithelial Tissue (types)
Simple cuboidal
Single layer of cube-like cells
Common in glands and their ducts
Forms walls of kidney tubules
Covers the ovaries

11. Epithelial Tissue (types)
Simple columnar
Single layer of tall cells
Often includes goblet cells, which produce mucus
Lines entire digestive tract from stomach to anus
Also in lining of uterus

12. Epithelial Tissue (types)
Pseudostratified Columnar
Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others
Often looks like a double cell layer
Sometimes ciliated, such as in the respiratory tract
May function in absorption or secretion (goblet cells)

13. Epithelial Tissue (types)
Stratified squamous
Cells at the free edge are flattened
Found as a protective covering where friction is common
Locations
Skin
Mouth
Esophagus

14. Epithelial Tissue (types)
Transitional epithelium
Shape of cells and number of layers depends upon the amount of stretching
Lines organs of the urinary system

15. Epithelial Tissue (types)
Stratified cuboidal
Two layers of cuboidal cells
Stratified columnar
Surface cells are columnar, cells underneath vary in size and shape
Rare in human body; found mainly in ducts of large glands

16. Connective Tissue Found everywhere in the body
Includes the most abundant and widely distributed tissues
Functions
Binds body tissues together
Supports the body
Provides protection

17. Connective Tissue (Characteristics)
Variations in blood supply
Most are well vascularized, except tendons, ligaments, and cartilage
Extracellular matrix
Non-living material that surrounds living cells
The ratio of matrix to cells depends on the type of connective tissue

18. Connective Tissue (Characteristics)
Two main elements of the matrix…
Ground substance – mostly water along with adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules
Fibers
Produced by the cells
Three types
Collagen fibers
Elastic fibers
Reticular fibers

19. Connective Tissue (Types)
Bone (osseous tissue)
Composed of:
Bone cells in lacunae (cavities)
Hard matrix of calcium salts
Large numbers of collagen fibers
Used to protect and support the body

20. Connective Tissue (Types)
Hyaline cartilage
Most common cartilage
Ends of long bones, ribs, nose, larynx
Composed of:
Abundant collagen fibers
Rubbery matrix
Entire fetal skeleton begins as hyaline cartilage

21. Connective Tissue (Types)
Elastic cartilage
Provides elasticity
Supports the external ear
Fibrocartilage
Highly compressible
Forms cushion-like discs between vertebrae

22. Connective Tissue (Types)
Dense connective tissue
Main matrix element is collagen fibers
Examples
Tendon – attach muscle to bone
Ligaments – attach bone to bone

23. Connective Tissue (types)
Areolar connective tissue
Most widely distributed connective tissue
Packages organs, surrounds capillaries
Soft, pliable tissue
Contains all fiber types
Can soak up excess fluid (edema)

24. Connective Tissue (types)
Adipose tissue
Matrix is an areolar tissue in which fat globules predominate
Many cells contain large lipid deposits
Functions
Insulates the body
Protects some organs
Serves as a site of fuel storage

25. Connective Tissue (types)
Reticular connective tissue
Delicate network of interwoven reticular fibers
Forms stroma (internal supporting network) of lymphoid organs
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Bone marrow

26. Connective Tissue (Types)
Blood
Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix
Fibers are visible during clotting
Functions as the transport vehicle for materials

27. Muscle Tissue Function is to produce movement Three types
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle

28. Muscle Tissue (Types) Skeletal Muscle Can be controlled voluntarily
Striated (striped)
Cylindrical
Multinucleated

29. Muscle Tissue (Types) Cardiac muscle Found only in the heart
Function is to pump blood (involuntary)
Cells attached to other cardiac muscle cells at intercalated disks
Cells are striated
Branched
Uninucleate

30. Muscle Tissue (Types) Smooth muscle Involuntary muscle
Surrounds hollow organs (digestive and urinary organs, uterus, blood vessels)
No visible striations
Spindle-shaped (tapered ends)
Uninucleate

31. Nervous Tissue Neurons and nerve support cells (neuroglia)
Function is to send impulses to other areas of the body
Irritability
Conductivity

34. Tissue Repair Methods Regeneration Fibrosis
Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells
Fibrosis
Repair by dense fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue)
Determination of method….
Type of tissue damaged &
severity of the injury

35. Events in Tissue Repair
Capillaries become very permeable
Introduce clotting proteins
Wall off injured area
Formation of granulation tissue (composed of newly formed blood vessels, phagocytes, and connective tissue cells)
Regeneration of tissue

36. Regeneration of Tissues
Regenerate easily
Epithelial tissue
Most connective tissues
Regenerate poorly
Skeletal muscle
Replaced by scar tissue
Cardiac muscle
Nervous
The inability for skeletal, cardiac, and nervous tissue to regenerate is a result of the tissue being amitotic after it matures

37. Tissue Development
Changes associated with aging can result in loss of cell cycle regulation
This creates a tumor (neoplasm) that may be benign or malignant
Other changes in tissue development include hyperplasia of the breasts during pregnancy and muscle atrophy due to a loss of muscle stimulation

38. Objective Checklist
Name the four major tissue types and their major subcategories. Explain how each type differs structurally and functionally.
Describe the process of tissue repair
Explain the significance that some tissue types are largely amitotic
Define neoplasm, and distinguish between benign and malignant tumors