1. Covalent Bonding (Molecular Compounds)
Subtitle

2. Properties of a Covalent Bond
Formed when at least one pair of electrons are shared between non-metals
Can be equal sharing (50-50) and if so is called non-polar
Or unequal sharing (based on electronegativity difference) and is called polar
All elements involved still obey the octet or duet rule when the compound is formed

3. Properties of Covalent Compounds
Weak bonds
Soft solids, or liquids, or gases at room temperature
Low melting points, and low boiling points
Share electrons not exchanging
Polar Covalent will dissolve in water
Non-Polar covalent will not dissolve in water
Do not conduct electricity

4. Continuing Properties
Each element the in compound have 8 valence electrons when completed
Non-polar covalent substances will dissolve in non-polar covalent liquids

5. Types of Covalent Compounds (Molecular) Single Covalent Bonds
Formed by the sharing of one pair (2 total) of electrons
Most common type of covalent bond
Weakest type of covalent compound

7. Types Continued (Double Covalent Bonds)
Formed by the sharing of 2 pairs (4 total) of electrons
Stronger than a single bond, better at distributing energy and much harder to break apart

9. Types Continued: Triple Covalent Bond
Formed by the sharing of 3 pairs of electrons (6 total)
Strongest type of covalent bond that exists
Provides stability and is very hard to break apart

11. Bond Polarity
Only applies to Covalent Compounds (molecular) and never to an ionic compound
Polarity tells us which part of our molecule has a slight negative charge, and which part has a slight positive charge
Polarity is based on electronegativity difference between the elements
Elements that have higher electronegativity values will become the negative end of the molecule
Elements with the lower electronegativity will become the positive end of the molecule

13. Non-Polar Covalent Bond
Formed between 2 elements when the electronegativity difference is All diatomics are non-polar in terms of bonding To be non-polar means that no element is strong enough to share in a way that makes the bond uneven from a distribution of charge standpoint

15. Polar Covalent Bond
Bond that is formed when the electronegativity difference between the elements is between 0.4 and 1.7
Still a covalent bond but the sharing of the electrons is unequal
More electronegative element will have the shared electron pair more often in its area than the element with the lower electronegativity
The more electronegative element will take on a slight negative charge
The less electronegative element will take on a slight positive charge
Ionic Bonds have differences greater than 1.7