1. INVERTEBRATES

2. YOU MUST KNOW…
THE TRAITS WHICH ARE USED TO DIVIDE THE ANIMALS INTO GROUPS
EXAMPLES AND UNIQUE TRAITS FOR EACH PHYLUM DISCUSSED
THE EVOLUTION OF SYSTEMS FOR GAS EXCHANGE, RESPIRATION, EXCRETION, CIRCULATION, AND NERVOUS CONTROL

3. INVERTEBRATES
LACK BACKBONES
95% OF ALL KNOW SPECIES ARE INVERTEBRATES

4. SUBKINGDOM PARAZOA SPONGES, PHYLA CALCEREA AND SILICEA
SESSILE (ANCHORED), LACK TRUE TISSUES
DIPLOBLASTIC (2 LAYERS OF CELLS)
NO NERVES OR MUSCLES
WATER IS DRAWN THROUGH THE PORES INTO THE SPONGOCOEL AND FLOWS OUT THROUGH THE OSCULUM THROUGH THE MOVEMENT OF FLAGELLATED CHOANOCYTES
SPICULES COMPRISE A SKELETAL FRAMEWORK

6. SUBKINGDOM EUMETAZOA ANIMALS WITH TRUE TISSUES
RADIALLY SYMMETRICAL ANIMALS
PHYLUM CNIDARIA – POLYP (SEA ANEMONE) AND MEDUSA (JELLYFISH) FORM
GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY (A CENTRAL DIGESTIVE COMPARTMENT), CNIDOCYTES (CELLS THAT FUNCTION IN DEFENSE AND CAPTURING OF PREY)
EX. CNIDARIANS – HYDRAS, JELLYFISH, CORALS

8. BILATERALLY SYMMETRICAL ANIMALS
ACOELOMATES – NO BODY CAVITY
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES (FLATWORMS) – TAPEWORMS, FLUKES
FLATTENED BODIES WITH CEPHALIZATION, EXCRETION BY FLAME BULBS AND PROTONEPHRIDIA, NO SPECIALIZED ORGANS FOR GAS EXCHANGE OR CIRCULATION, GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY WITH A SINGLE OPENING

10. PSEUDOCOELOMATES
PHYLUM NEMATODA (ROUNDWORMS) – PINWORMS, HOOKWORMS
CYLINDRICAL BODIES WITH A TOUGH CUTICLE, COMPLETE ALIMENTARY CANAL, NO CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

11. COELOMATES
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA (SOFT-BODIES ANIMALS) – SLUGS, CLAMS, SNAILS, SQUIDS, AND OCTOPUS
MUSCULAR FOOT FOR MOVEMENT, A VISCERAL MASS CONTAINING MOST OF THE ORGANS, AND A MANTLE THAT SECRETES A SHELL
OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM, EXCRETION THROUGH NEPHRIDIA

13. PHYLUM ANNELIDA (SEGMENTED WORMS) – EARTHWORMS, LEECHES
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL SEGMENTATION, EXCRETION BY METANEPHRIDIA IN EACH SEGMENT
CLOSED DIGESTIVE SYSTEM WITH SPECIALIZED REGIONS (CROP, GIZZARD, ESOPHAGUS, AND INTESTINE)
BRAINLIKE CENTRAL GANGLIA WITH A VENTRAL NERVE CORD, CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

15. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA (JOINT-LEGGED ANIMALS) – INSECTS, ARACHNIDS, MILLI- AND CENTIPEDES, CRUSTACEANS
EXOSKELETON OF CHITIN, MOLTS TO GROW
JOINTED APPENDAGES, OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM, VARIOUS ORGANS FOR GAS EXCHANGE INCLUDING GILLS, BOOK LUNGS, TRACHEAL SYSTEMS
VENTRAL NERVE CORDS
UNDERGO METAMORPHOSIS
(INCOMPLETE) – EGG, NYMPH, ADULT (GRASSHOPPER)
(COMPLETE) – EGG, LARVA, PUPA, ADULT (BUTTERFLY)

16. DEUTEROSTOMIA
CONTAIN A DIVERSE ARRAY OF ORGANISMS FROM SEA STARS TO CHORDATES
HAVE RADIAL CLEAVAGE AND SHARE COMMON DEVELOPMENTAL PROCESSES

17. PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA – SPINY-SKINNED ANIMALS – SEA STARS, SEA URCHINS, SAND DOLLARS, SEA CUCUMBERS
LARVAE HAVE BILATERAL SYMMETRY, ADULTS RADIATE FROM THE CENTER
HAVE A THIN SKIN COVERING AN EXOSKELETON
HAVE A WATER VASCULAR SYSTEM – NETWORK OF INTERNAL CANALS THAT BRANCH INTO TUBE FEET USED FOR MOVING, FEEDING, AND GAS EXCHANGE

18. B. PHYLUM CHORDATA – INCLUDES 2 INVERTEBRATE SUBPHYLA AS WELL AS ALL VERTEBRATES