1. Religion and the Renaissance: The Protestant Reformation
1520

2. Ideas of Reform Reform= Change! Renaissance spirit brought change
Increased focus on individuals (humanism)
People saw corruption in Church

3. Conflict with the Church
Luther’s teachings disagreed with Pope Leo X’s strategy of raising money for the Catholic Church
The Church had begun selling indulgences- certificates that forgave a person for his sins
People bought indulgences believing they would ensure entrance into heaven

4. Martin Luther
German monk, who worried about the issue of salvation (saving the soul)
He decided that a person could achieve salvation simply by having faith in God. This idea became known as justification by faith

5. The 95 Theses
In 1517 Luther wrote a list of 95 Theses or statements criticizing the church and its abuses, and nailed them to the door of a German church.
Printed copies of the Theses spread throughout Europe (by way of Gutenberg’s invention)

6. Reaction
People were inspired by Luther’s words and began to criticize the Church themselves
Sales of indulgences sharply declined
Pope Leo X tried to convince Luther to withdraw his criticism, but he refused
Luther was excommunicated from the church
Luther was forced into exile, where he translated the Bible into a more affordable translation so that more Christians could read it

7. Lutheranism
First form of Protestantism (they protested against the Catholic Church) a new religion formed by Martin Luther
This new faith had many distinctions from Catholicism:
Justification by faith: only faith in God will save you; no amount of good works will achieve salvation.
The Bible is the only authority on religion and God’s word, not a Pope or priest
Protestant ministers preached in local languages, not Latin, so more people could understand them

8. Protestantism Catholicism Church hierarchy Pope
Cardinals
Bishops
Priests
Mass said in Latin
Priests cannot marry
Pope not head of church
Do not recognize church hierarchy
Ministers heads of individual parishes
Church services said in local languages
Most ministers can marry
Monotheism
Christ is Messiah
Christ is divine being
Old and New Testaments of Bible are Holy Books
Both are SECTS of Christianity (branches)

9. Family Tree of Christianity Eastern Orthodox (Byzantine Empire)
Lutheran
Protestantism
Anglican
(Church of England)
Roman Catholicism
Calvinist
Puritans
Christianity
Eastern Orthodox (Byzantine Empire)
Presbyterians
Congregationalist

10. The Spread of the Protestant Reformation

11. Sects in Protestantism
John Calvin = Calvinist Church
Henry VIII = Anglican Church (The Church of England)

12. Calvinism More radical than Luther
Believed in predestination: God chosen those that will be saved/reach heaven
Stressed hard work: Protestant work ethic
No Free Will!

13. The Church in England King Henry VIII did not have a male heir
An issue over the succession of the throne in the mid-1500s
King Henry VIII did not have a male heir
Wanted a divorce from his first wife - the pope refused
Creates the Church of England or Anglican Church with Henry as the head
Marries 6x 'Divorced, beheaded, died; Divorced, beheaded, survived'
Arguments over religious cause conflict within & w/ other nations

14. The Counter-Reformation
The Catholic Church reacted to the Protestant Reformation strongly
Church leaders knew reform was needed to prevent all Catholics from being swept up in the Reformation
Church leaders began an ambitious and comprehensive reform program of the church and its policies

15. The Inquisition 12th – 14th C
Investigations of Protestants
Protestants accused of heresy- going against church teachings
Censorship of Protestant texts, ie- 95 Theses!
Church wanted to stop the questioning spirit of the Renaissance

16. The Council of Trent
Council of Bishops appointed to clearly explain and defend Catholic teaching
Stressed that salvation could not be achieved by faith alone, but required good works in life (deny Justification by Faith)
Only acceptable translation of Bible was Catholic Latin version, and the Pope, Bishops, and Priests were needed to interpret it

17. Council declared that Mass should only be said in Latin
Established seminaries for the proper instruction of Priests (schools for priests)
New style of art and music Baroque architecture emphasized exaggeration and highly ornate and decorated features, very different from Ren.
Forbade selling of indulgences

18. Renaissance Architecture vs. Baroque Architecture
Looks like Greek and Roman Looks more like Medieval (Gothic)
Domes Columns

19. Reform in the Church
One reform was to form the Jesuits, a group of monks who pledged themselves to the Pope and to helping people
The Jesuits were missionaries, spreading the message of the Catholic Church throughout Europe
Established universities

20. Effects of Counter-Reformation
Successful in preventing Protestantism from completely taking over Europe
Catholicism strengthened in the mid-1500s, especially in Southern Europe
Northern Europe, however, had largely been converted to Protestantism (Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism)
Led to turmoil and religious wars as for centuries, Europe would be divided into a Protestant north, and a Catholic south-

21. Green areas represent where Protestantism took hold

22. Family Tree of Christianity Eastern Orthodox (Byzantine Empire)
Lutheran
Protestantism
Anglican
(Church of England)
Roman Catholicism
Calvinist
Puritans
Christianity
Eastern Orthodox (Byzantine Empire)
Presbyterians
Congregationalist