1. African History (Part I)

2. Europe has been involved with Africa since the late 1400’s.

3. European countries eventually colonized Africa in order to get Africa’s mineral wealth.

4. European countries “scrambled” to get as much African land as they could.
This was called the…
SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA.

5. Scramble for Africa

6. The Scramble for Africa

7. In 1884, European countries met in Berlin to divide up Africa among themselves. This was called the Berlin Conference.

9. The European leaders did not ask the Africans how they wanted to be partitioned.

10. New Imperialism
When European countries competed for land and power at the end of the 19th Century.
(19th Century = 1801 – 1899)

11. Scooby Doo Review
What are artificial boundaries?

12. Let’s recall how Europe divided up the Middle East after World War One with artificial boundaries…

13. Scooby Middle East Review:
After WWI ended, the Ottoman Empire was partitioned (divided up) among the winners of WWI: Britain & France.
Several new countries were created (like Jordan and Syria)

14. Scooby Review: France and Britain divided up the Ottoman Empire
They claimed the oil fields for themselves.
They created new countries like Iraq & Syria
They did not ask the local people how they wanted to be grouped together.

15. Review: This partitioning caused problems which still exist in the Middle East, because it grouped different ethnic and religious groups together.
This division caused many problems which still exist in the Middle East.

16. Review: The Shia and Sunni Muslims were grouped together in a new country of Iraq. They don’t get along well with each other.

17. Just as they did in the Middle East, European countries divided up Africa for themselves.
Europe divided up Africa.
Several new African countries were created by Europe using artificial political boundaries.

18. Africa was carved up according to what was best for the Europeans.
They did not ask the local people how they wanted to be grouped together.

19. The division of Africa created new countries with
The division of Africa created new countries with... artificial political boundaries.

20. Enemy African ethnic tribes were grouped together when new countries were formed.

21. Partitioning caused problems which still exist in Africa because enemy ethnic groups were grouped together. This caused civil war.

22. Today: Many civil wars in Africa.

23. Tutsi and Hutu tribes were grouped together in an artificial country called Rwanda. The Hutus killed 1 million Tutsis.

24. Other countries that had civil wars:
Nigeria
DRC
Angola

25. The Europeans made positive contributions to Africa: schools, roads, and other items of infrastructure

26. African History
Part 2

28. Nationalism A strong belief and having great pride in
one’s own country.

29. African countries tired of European control
African countries tired of European control. Africans became nationalists of their own countries.

30. Kenya colonized by Germans and British
guerilla fighters began killing white settlers
(guerillas: secret fighters using surprise attacks)
*gained independence from UK in 1963

31. Nigeria colonized by Great Britain gained independence in 1956
soon civil war broke out between its many ethnic tribes
new government formed in 1999

32. South Africa first colonized by the Dutch
then colonized by Great Britain
became independent from G.B. in 1961
“White only” control until 1990

33. Scooby Doo Review

34. What was apartheid?

35. Apartheid
Discrimination based on race and skin color

36. Under apartheid laws, Bantu homelands were created where only black people could live.

37. Battle Against Apartheid
A political party called the African National Congress (ANC) fought for civil rights for black South Africans.

38. Battle Against Apartheid
The African National Congress (ANC) was led by Nelson Mandela.
Mandela was jailed by SA’s white gov’t for fighting against apartheid.

39. The Specials

40. S.A. was hurt by sanctions when other countries refused to trade with S.A.
These sanctions caused S.A. to abandon apartheid.

41. SA’s white president, F. W. de Klerk, ended apartheid
SA’s white president, F.W. de Klerk, ended apartheid. Nelson Mandela then became president.

42. SA’s Gov’t Current

43. Since 1994, many white SA farmers have been murdered.

44. Pan-Africanism A movement to unite all black Africans
started in the 1800’s