1. Alimentary system Respiratory system Urinary system Genital system
Part Ⅱ Splanchnology
Alimentary system
Respiratory system
Urinary system
Genital system
Viscera
Male Genital system
Female Genital system

2. But the viscera have some general features.
1.Lacations:within or near the important cavities.
2.Tube: each system has a tube with a opening
3.The main functions of the viscera are fulfill the metabolism and maintain the life of the species.
General structures of the viscera
Hollow organs
Solid organs: Hilum

3. The reference lines of the thorax and abdomen regions
Ⅰ. The common used reference lines of the thorax
sternal line
midclavicular line
parasternal line
anterior median line-
腹股沟中点

4. paravertebral line
scapular line
posterior median line
(midvertebral line)

5. Ⅱ.The abdominal regions
upper right quadrant
upper left quadrant
lower left quadrant
lower right quadrant

6. 9 regions hypochondrium epigastric region subcostal plane flank
umbilical region
transtubercular plane
groin
pubic region
midclavicular line

7. Chapter 5 The alimentary system (digestive system)
digestive canal
digestive glands

8. Composition Digestive canal Digestive glands
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Superior digestive canal
Duodenum
Jejunum
Inferior digestive canal
Ileum
Digestive glands
Major salivary glands
Liver
Pancreas
Function: ingestion, digestion, absorption, egesting

9. Mouth
Pharynx
Major salivary glands
Esophagus
Stomach
Liver
Pancreas
Duodenum
Large intestine
Jejunum
Ileum

10. Section 1 The Oral Cavity
Consists of two parts
Oral vestibule : between cheeks and lip and teeth
Oral cavity proper: within arch of teeth
Oral vestibule leads, by the space behind the molar teeth, into the oral cavity proper
Boundaries
Anterior and lateral: gum and teeth
Posterior: oropharyngeal isthmus
Roof: palate
Floor: tongue, muscles and mucous membrane

11. Palate
Two parts
Hard palate: anterior 2/3, formed by the maxilla and palatine bone
Soft palate: posterior 1/3
Uvula
Palatoglossal arch
Palatopharyngeal arch
Oropharyngeal isthmus superiorly formed by the soft palate, both sides of palatoglossal arches, and root of tongue inferiorly.

12. oropharyngeal isthmus※ ※
hard palate
soft palate
uvula 软腭
palatoglossal arch
palatopharyngeal arch
oropharyngeal isthmus※ ※

13. Teeth General features Two sets: Classification: Deciduous Permanent
Incisors
Canine
Premolars
Molars

14. Deciduous teeth: are 20 in number
Ten teeth in each mandibular and maxillary arch
Central incisor, lateral incisor, canine, first molar and second molar in each quadrant
Upper jaw Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ total 20
Lower jaw in. in. can. mol. mol.
Eruption: stars at about 6 mouth of age and continues to beginning of two years
Shedding: occurs between 6th and 12th years with replacement by permanent teeth

16. Permanent teeth (adult): are 32 in number
Sixteen in each mandibular and maxillary arch
Two incisors, one canine, two premolars, and three molars in each quadrant
Upper jaw total 32
Lower jaw
First permanent molar－ appears at about 6 years
Third molars (wisdom teeth)－many erupt at any time after 12 years of age or not at all (impaction).

18. General description Each tooth consists of 3 parts: Crown Neck Root
Dental cavity－contains connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves, and is continuous with the periodontal tissue through the root canal and apical foramen.

19. The types of the permanent teeth
incisors
canine
premolars
molars
1 root of tooth roots ( below) or 3(above) roots

20. crown of tooth neck of tooth root of tooth
root canal
Gingivae (gums):oral mucosa that surround the teeth and cover adjacent regions of the alveolar bone.

21. Calcified tissues Periodontal tissue
Dentine－ is a yellowish white tissue, that forms the bulk of tooth.
Enamel －is a head, brittle white tissue that covers the crown of the tooth
Cement－is an unusual form of bone that covers the root of the tooth
Periodontal tissue
Periodontal membrane
Alveolar bone
Gum

22. Tongue －muscular organ
Two parts: divided two parts by v-shaped terminal sulcus
Body of tongue －ant 2/3， apex of tongue －free rounded tip
Root of tongue － post 1/3
At the apex of terminal sulcus is a small median pit, the foramen cecum of tongue

23. Lingual mucous membrane
Papillae of tongue
filiform papillae
fungiform papillae
foliate papillae contain taste buds
vallate papillae
Lingual tonsil
－masses of submucosal lymphoid tissue on the root of tongue

24. lingual tonsil
terminal sulcus
vallate papillae
foliate papillae
fungiform papillae
filiform papillae

25. Inferior surface of tongue
Frenulum of tongue －a midline fold of mucous membrane connecting tongue to floor of mouth
Sublingual caruncle －small elevation
Sublingual fold

26. frenulum of tongue
sublingual fold
sublingual caruncle
sublingual gland

27. Muscles of tongue Intrinsic muscles of tongue
Involved in changing shape of tongue
Include longitudinal, transverse and vertical muscles of tongue
Extrinsic muscles of tongue
Genioglossus
Arises from mental spine of mandible and inserts into either side of midline of tongue
Action: acting together draw tongue forward and downward (depresses and protrudes tongue ); acting along making apex of tongue to opposite side

28. Intrinsic muscles
superior longitudinal muscle
inferior longitudinal muscle
transverse muscle
vertical muscle
Extrinsic muscles
※ genioglossus

29. Major salivary glands Parotid gland superficial part and deep part
triangular in shape, lies below and in front of the external acoustic meatus, and partially covers the masseter.
Parotid duct: arises front anterior border of gland, runs over the masseter a finger’s breadth below the zygomatic arch to pierce the buccinator and opens into the mouth cavity, opposite the upper second molar tooth

30. Submandibular gland Sublingual gland
Position: lies in submandibular triangle, between anterior and posterior bellies of digastric
Duct opens on to sublingual caruncle
Sublingual gland
Position: situated beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of mouth
Ducts
Major sublingual duct－opens onto the sublingual caruncle
Minor sublingual ducts－open onto the sublingual fold

31. Section 2 The Pharynx General features
A –fibromuscular tube, part of digestive and respiratory systems
Extends from base of skull to the inferior border of cricoid cartilage (lower border of C6 level)
Three segments

32. nasopharynx
soft palate
oropharynx
upper margin
of the epiglottis
laryngopharynx
Inferior border of the vertebra C6

33. Nasopharynx －posterior to nasal cavities
Extends from the base of skull to level of soft palate
Structures
Opening of the pharyngotympanic tube
Torus tubarius
Pharyngeal recess
Pharyngeal tonsil
opening of the pharyngotympanic tube
pharyngeal tonsil
torus tubarius
pharyngeal recess
palate tonsil
Oropharynx －posterior to oral cavity
Lies below soft palate, extends to upper border of epiglottis
Palate tonsils

34. Laryngopharynx Structures
Piriform fossae －lies on each side of the inlet of larynx.
piriform fossa

35. Section 3 The Esophagus
General features － a muscular tuber about 25cm long, connecting the pharynx at level of C6 vertebra, passes through the diaphragm at level of T10 vertebra and after 1~2 cm enters the stomach
Division:
Cervical part
Thoracic part
Abdominal part

36. Four constrictions
At its beginning, 15cm from incisors, lies at level of C6, is the narrowest part of the esophagus
Where it is crossed by the arch of aorta
Where it is crossed by left main bronchus, 25cm from incisors, lies at level of intervertebral disc between T4 and T5.
Where it passes through the esophageal hiatus of diaphragm, 40cm from incisors, at level of T10

37. junction
arch of aorta
left main bronchus
esophageal hiatus

38. Section 4 The Stomach
Position: in the epigastric,umbilical, and left hypochondrium regions.

39. Shape-J-like shape Four regions Two surface: anterior and posterior
Two openings
Cardia
Pyloric orifice: Pyloric sphincter
Four regions
Cardia
Fundus of stomach
Body of stomach
Pyloric part: Pyloric antrum and Pyloric canal

40. Fundus of stomach
Cardia
Body of stomach
Pyloric canal
Pyloric antrum
Pyloric part

41. Two curvatures
Lesser curvature : short, concave and directed to the right and upward, near its lower part is angular incisure
Greater curvature : long, convex and directed to the left and downward, at the junction of left margin of esophagus and greater curvature is cardiac notch

42. cardiac notch
lesser curvature
cardiac orifice
angular incisure
pyloric orifice
greater curvature
pyloric valve
pyloric sphincter

43. Section 5 The Small Intestine
About 6-7m long,
Divided into
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ilium
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ilium

44. Duodenum Four parts Superior part Descending part Inferior part
Duodenal cap
Superior duodenal flexure
Descending part
Longitudinal fold of duodenum
Major duodenal papilla
Minor duodenal papilla
Inferior duodenal flexure
Inferior part
Ascending part
duodenojejunal flexure

45. ampulla (duodenal cap ) circular mucosal folds
pylorus
superior part
superior duodenal flexure
ampulla (duodenal cap )
circular mucosal folds

46. minor duodenal papilla
descending part
minor duodenal papilla
inferior duodenal flexure
major duodenal papilla

47. Suspensory muscle of duodenum (ligament of Treitz), a surgical landmark, descends from the right crus of diaphragm to duodenal termination.

48. Jejunum and ileum

49. solitary lymphatic
follicles
jejunum
circular fold
aggregated lymphatic
follicles
ileum

50. Jejunum and ileum Characteristics Jejunum Ileum Position Upper 2/5
Lower 3/5
Diameter
Greater
Less
Wall
Thicker
Thin
Circular folds
Larger, numerous and large villi
Fewer，smaller and less abundant villi
Vascularity
Colour
Deeper red
Paler pink
Lymphatic follicles
Solitary
Aggregated
Fat in mesentery
More

51. Section 6 Large Intestine
Approximately 1.5m long,
Five parts:
Cecum
Vermiform appendix
Colon
Rectum
Canal

52. Large Intestine Features
Larger
Taeniae coli
Haustra of colon
Omental appendice

53. omental appendices
taeniae coli
haustra of colon

54. Cecum
Blind sac, first part of large intestine, with largest diameter and thinnest wall
Lies in right iliac fossa
The ilium enters the cecum obliquely, and partially invaginates into it, forming the ileocecal valve－consists of two folds, probably delays flow of ileal contents into large intestine

55. ileocecal fold
ileum
ileocecal orifice

56. Vermiform appendix
Blind worm-like tube, 6－8cm long, about 0.5cm in diameter
Opens into posteromedial aspect of cecum，about 2 cm below ileoceal orifice
The base at the appendix lies at the point of convergence of three colic bands (used as a guide to find the appendix during operation)

57. taeniae coli
mesoappendix
appendicular vessels

58. Surface marking of the base is at the so-called McBurney’s point which is at junction of lateral and middle thirds of line joining right anterior superior iliac spine and umbilicus

59. Mesentery of vermiform appendix
Triangular mesentery－extends from terminal part of ileum to appendix
Appendicular a. runs in free margin of the meseoappendix then along wall of appendix
Tip variable in position
Preileal
Pelvic
Retrocecal
Retroileal
Subcecal

60. Colon Ascending colon Transverse colon
right colic flexure
Transverse colon
left colic flexure
Descending colon descends almost vertically from left colic flexure to sigmoid colon at left iliac crest.
Sigmoid colon－extends from descending colon to rectum at level of S3.

61. Rectum
Position: within pelvic cavity, extends from S3 to pelvic diaphragm.
Curves
Sagittal plane
Sacral flexure convex backward
Perineal flexure convex forward.
Coronal plane
Upper and lower part－convex to the right.
Middle part－convex to the left.
Lower part of rectum dilated, to form ampulla of rectum,three transverse folds of rectum

62. sacral flexure
ampulla
of rectum
perineal flexure
anal canal

63. Anal canal Anal columns －6-11 in number, Anal valves Anal sinuses
Anorectal line
Pectinate line
Above line, of endodermal origin
Below line, of ectodermal origin
Anal pecten
White line (anocutaneous line)
Anus
Anal sphincters
Sphincter ani internus
Sphincter ani externus

64. anal columns
anal sinus
anal valves
sphincter ani internus
anal pecten
sphincter ani externus
pectinate line
white line

65. Comparison between the sites above and below the pectinate line
  the site above the pectinate line the site below the pectinate line
  epithelium simple cuboidal epithelium stratified squamous epithelium
aterial supply superior and inferior rectal artery anal artery
venous return hepatic portal vein internal iliac vein
lymph drainage lumbar lymph nodes superficial inguinal lymph nodes
innervation visceral nerves somatic nerves

66. Section 7 The Liver Position
Most of liver lies in the right hypochondrum and epigastric region, less part extending into the left hypochondrum.

67. Shape Two surfaces Divided into right and left areas by falciform lig.
Diaphragmatic surface Convex and smooth
Divided into right and left areas by falciform lig.
Visceral surface

68. right triangular ligament left triangular ligament
falciform ligment
ligamentum teres hepatis

69. Visceral surface －has a H-shaped fissures and grooves
Left limb of H
Anteriorly: fissure for ligamentum teres hepatis
Posteriorly: fissure for ligamentum venosum
Right limb of H
Anteriorly: fossa for gallbladder
Posteriorly: sulcus for vena cava

70. Cross-bar of H is the porta hepatis: traversed by right and left hepatic ducts, left and right branches of proper hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein, nerves and lymphatic vessels. These structures which are surrounded by connective tissue called hepatic pedicle
Four lobes: left, right, quadrate and caudate lobes

71. Left lobe Right lobe Caudate lobe Quadrate lobe Inferior vena cava
fissure for ligamentum venosum
Caudate lobe
Left lobe
Right lobe
fissure for
ligamentum teres
Quadrate lobe
ligamentum teres hepatis
gallbladder

72. porta hepatis ※※
portal
vein
common
hepatic
duct
hepatic artery proper

73. Inferior border –thin and sharp
Notch for ligamentum teres hepatis
Notch for gallbladder

74. The segments of the liver
The segmentation of the liver, bases upon the principal divisions of the proper hepatic artery and accompanying hepatic ducts and hepatic portal vein－Glisson system.
The hepatic veins, however do not follow the same pattern and vary: their main tributaries tend to run rather intersegmental.

75. Section 7 Extrahepatic Biliary Apparatus
Composition
Gallbladder
Cystic duct
Left and right hepatic ducts
Common hepatic duct
Bile duct

76. Gallbladder
Position :lies in fossa for gallbladder on visceral surface of liver
Four parts
Fundus of gallbladder
Surface projection: at the junction of right midclavicular line and right costal arch
Body of gallbladder
Neck of gallbladder
Function: receives,stores and concentrates bile

77. cystic duct
neck of gallbladder
body of gallbladder
fundus of gallbladder

78. Biliary duct system
Right and left hepatic ducts unite outside of liver to form the common hepatic duct
Cystic duct joins common hepatic duct to form bile duct

79. Bile duct and pancreatic duct run obliquely through the wall of the descending part of duodenum where the two ducts usually unite to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater), which rounded by sphincter of hepatopancreatic ampulla (sphincter of Oddi), each has an independent sphincteric mechanism for regulating flow, and opens at the major duodenal papilla

80. Bile is secreted by the liver cells
Right and left hepatic ducts
Biliary ductuli
Common hepatic duct
Cystic duct
Gallbladder (store, concentrate)
when the fat enters the small intestine, the gallbladder contracts, the sphincter of hepatopancreatic ampulla relax
Bile duct
Major duodenal papilla

81. major duodenal papilla
right hepatic duct
left hepatic duct
cystic duct
common hepatic duct
bile duct
pancreatic duct
hepatopancreatic ampulla
(ampulla of Vater)
major duodenal papilla

82. Triangle of Calot
Boundaries: the common hepatic duct on the left, the cystic duct on the right, the liver, superiorily
Content: cystic artery

83. Sect ion 8 The Pancreas Shape and Position
A soft yellowish lobulated gland
Lies behind the peritoneum on the posterior abdominal wall, roughly at the level of of L1~L2

84. Five parts Uncinate process
Head - Flattened and located in C-shaped curvatune of duodenum
Uncinate process
Neck－constricted part
Body
Tail－runs in base of splenorenal ligament to reach hilum of spleen

85. Pancreatic duct Main Pancreatic duct Accessory pancreatic duct
Begins at tail and throughout gland
Joins common bile duct before entering descending part of duodenum at major duodenal papilla
Accessory pancreatic duct
Opens 2cm above main duct at minor duodenal papilla

86. Pancreas Function
The pancreas is both an exocrine and an endocrine gland.
The exocrine portion of the gland produces a secretion that contains enzymes that are capable of hydrolyzing proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.
The endocrine portion of the gland-the pancreatic islet produces the hormones insulin that play a key role in carbohydrate metabolism.

87. Highlights Definition of superior and inferior alimentary canal.
Structures of the soft palate.
Definition of oropharyngeal isthmus.
Structures of mucous membrane of tongue.
Action of genioglossus.
Names, position and openings of salivary glands. Classification of pharynx and structures of the nasopharynx.
Constrictions of esophagus.
Shape and structures of stomach and duodenum.

88. Highlights Structures of descending part of duodenum.
Position of caecum and vermiform appendix. Characteristic of cecum and colon.
Position of ileocecal valve.
Shape of rectum.
Structures of anal canal.
Shape and position of liver. Position and structure of porta hepatis.
Boundaries and content of Triangle Calot. Formation of biliary ducts.
Position and shape of pancreas.