2. The Psychodynamic perspective was formulated from Jung (1964), Adler (1927), Erikson (1950) and most importantly, Freud (1930) beliefs on human behaviour The Psychodynamic perspective believes that human functioning is based on the interaction amongst the drives and forces within an individual. The perspective specifically believes the unconscious, the personality and childhood are vital for shaping individuals. Research methods used are case studies. Evaluate this…

3. Freud introduced a technique called free association
Freud introduced a technique called free association. This is a type of talking therapy where patients were encouraged to let thoughts flow spontaneously. According to Freud, thoughts are not random or illogical. Freud believed that “slip of the tongues” were what the individual really wanted to say, or is what the person thinks. Even when the person refers to the slip as a mistake.

4. ‘Anna O’ was a patient of Freud’s in 1800’s
‘Anna O’ was a patient of Freud’s in 1800’s. She experienced hysterical symptoms such as paralysis, memory loss, mental disorientation and disturbances of her sight and speech. Freud found that by tracing each symptom back to its origin (usually a traumatic event) each symptom would disappear. Freud would identify something from individual’s unconscious mind and move it to the conscious mind.
More specifically, he believed dreams symbolise what the individual really wants. In reality, the individual’s behaviours may be restricted. Whereas, in their dreams there is freedom. And so, this is where dream analysis derives from.

5. All actions, from dreams to Freudian slips, have a cause or reason
All actions, from dreams to Freudian slips, have a cause or reason. Most importantly, Freud believes personality development is based on childhood experiences.

6. 1: Parts of the mind
According to the Psychodynamic perspective, there are three parts of the mind.
The first is the conscious part of the mind. This is where we actively think and perceive things around us. It involves our thoughts which we are aware of and can remember. For example…
The second is the preconscious part of the mind. This is where we store information and memories. These can be accesses through some thought and prompting. For example…
The third is the unconscious part of the mind. This is aspect is unaware to the individual. It involves someone’s hidden fears. For example…

8. 2: Parts of the personality Freud believes there are three parts of the personality.ID
Individual has high craving and high drive in order to obtain the desired results
The individual tends to be selfish and self-controlled
It is referred to as the pleasure principle. The individual knows what it wants and wants it now

9. EGO
This part of the personality develops gradually when the individual realises that not all needs can be met immediately
This is considered the adult aspect of the personality, as the individual will not act on impulses. Instead the individual will evaluate the situation
It is also considered the reality principle
It acts as the middle man by being aware of those around them

10. SUPER-EGO
This develops within an individual when the person becomes aware of rules and regulations
This is when the individual develops a sense of right and wrong
It is considered the parent part of the mind, as well as the morality principle

11. 3: Defence mechanisms
When aspects of the personality are outbalanced, the individual will experience anxiety.
Defence mechanisms are used as a strategy to overcome anxiety. These explain why we do not react straight away.

12. Denial
This involves blocking external events from awareness. If some situation is too much to handle, the person just refuses to experience it. For example. Smokers may refuse to admit to themselves that smoking is bad for their health.
Displacement
This is when an impulse (for example, aggression) is satisfied with a substitute object. For example, someone who is frustrated with their boss will punch a wall, rather than their boss.

13. Projection
This involves individual attributing their own unacceptable thoughts, feelings and motives to another person. For example, you might hate someone but your superego tells you that hatred is unacceptable. You can solve the problem by believing they hate you.
Rationalism
This defence mechanism involves explaining an unacceptable behaviour or feeling in a logical, or rational way. For example, a person who turned down a date with someone may rationalise the situation by saying they were not attracted to the person anyways.

14. Regression
This is a movement back in psychological time when one is faced with stress. For example, a child may begin to suck their thumb or wet the bed when they are going through a challenging time.
Repression
This is an unconscious mechanism employed by the ego. It aims to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts from becoming conscious.

15. Sublimation
This is when an impulse (For example aggression) is satisfied with a subsititue object, in a socially acceptable way. For example, sport is a constructive way to deal with emotions.

16. 4: Psychosexual stages of development
Freud construed the psychosexual stages of development. This theory describes how personality is developed over the course of childhood.
According to Freud, each stage within the psychosexual stages of development represents the fixation of libido on a different area of the body. Libido roughly translated as sexual drives or instinct.
As a person grows physically certain areas of their body become important as sources of potential frustration, pleasure or both. Freud believed that life was built round tension and pleasure. Freud also believed that all tension was due to the build-up of libido.
Within the psychosexual stages of development, for growth to be made at each stage, there is a need for gratification eat each stage.

17. What can happen at each stage?
Some people do not seem to be able to leave one stage and proceed on to the next.
Conflict – People may face difficulty in one stage and stay to fight issues, rather than moving on
Frustration - the needs of the developing individual may not have been adequately met
Overindulgence the person's needs may have been so well satisfied that he/she is reluctant to leave the psychological benefits of stage
Fixation Individual is ‘invested’ in particular stage

18. Oral stage (0-1 year)
In this stage, the libido is centred in the babys mouth. At this stage in life, the infant will be exposed to mouth orientated behaviours for example, breast feeding, sucking or biting.
According to Freud, oral stimulation can lead to oral fixation later in life. Oral personalities include smokers, nail-biters, thumb suckers etc. These behaviours can be emphasised when stressed.

19. Anal stage (1-3 years)
In this stage, the libido focus is now on the anus. The child derives great pleasure from defecating. The child is now fully are that they are a person in their own right, and that their wishes can bring them into conflict with the demands of the outside world (The ego has developed).
According to Freud, this type of conflict comes from potty training, where adults impose restrictions on when and where the child can defecate. The nature of this influences children’s future relationships.
For example, early or harsh potty training can lead to the child developing an anal retentive personality who hates mess, is obsessively tidy, punctual and respectful of authority. They can be stubborn and tight-fisted with their cash and possessions.  This is all related to pleasure got from holding on to their faeces when toddlers, and their parent then insisting that they get rid of it by placing them on the potty until they do.
The anal expulsive, on the other hand, underwent a liberal toilet-training regime during the anal stage.  In adulthood, the anal expulsive is the person who wants to share things with you.  They like giving things away.  An anal-expulsive personality is also messy, disorganized and rebellious.

20. Phallic stage (3-5 years)
The child becomes aware of anatomical sex differences. The focus of this stage is concentrated in the genitals as a source of pleasure. The realisation of this sets in motion the conflict between erotic attraction, resentment, rivalry, jealousy and fear which Freud called the Oedipus complex (in boys) and the Electra complex (in girls). 
Oedipus complex is where a young boy has sexual fantasties towards his mother, and wants to kill his father.
Oppositely, electra complex is where a young girl has sexual fantasies towards her father and wants to kill her mother
This is resolved through the process of identification, which involves the child adopting the characteristics of the same sex parent.
(This will be looked at in more detail when we study ‘Little Hans’ core study)

21. Latency stage (5 to puberty)
The libido is dormant.  Freud thought that most sexual impulses are repressed during the latent stage, and sexual energy can be sublimated through defense mechanisms towards school work, hobbies, and friendships. 
Much of the child's energy is channeled into developing new skills and acquiring new knowledge, and play becomes largely confined to other children of the same gender.

22. Genital stage (puberty to adulthood)
It is a time of adolescent sexual experimentation, the successful resolution of which is settling down in a loving one-to-one relationship with another person in our 20's. 
For Freud, the proper outlet of the sexual instinct in adults was through intercourse.  Fixation and conflict may prevent this with the consequence that sexual perversions may develop. 

24. What can we say about Mike Tyson?