2. http://www. goldiesroom. org/video_archive. htm https://duckduckgo

7. Molecule
Compound
Atom

9. Elements of Life 96% of living organisms is made of: carbon (C)
hydrogen (H)
oxygen (O)
nitrogen (N)

11. Are complex (big)
Are simple (small)

14. Molecules of Life
Put elements C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms
What are bodies made of?
4 ORGANIC MOLECULES
carbohydrates
sugars & starches
proteins
fats (lipids)
nucleic acids
DNA, RNA

15. Repair and maintenance
FOOD?
Which type of molecules make food?
Think of a pizza slice…
Carbohydrates?
Protein?
Fats/Lipids
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
Why do we have to eat?
Energy
Growth
Repair and maintenance

16. How do you use food? Carbohydrates? (bread) For energy
Protein? (Cheese)
Building block of cells/body
Fats/Lipid? (cheese)
As stored energy
YES !

17. ATP Why do we eat? We eat to take in more of these chemicals
Food for building materials
to make more of us (cells)
for growth
for repair
Food to make energy
to make ATP
ATP

18. Who makes organic molecules
Hint: think of your favorite organic molecule
Glucose
Plants
What do plants do with the extra sugar (leftover after they use sugar by __________ it to make __________)
They store it as STARCH!
How do they make starch?

20. What are living creatures made of? Why do we have to eat?
The Chemistry of Life
What are living creatures made of? Why do we have to eat?
Energy
Growth
Repair and maintenance

21. Why do we need to eat?
Foods to give you more building blocks & more energy
for building & running bodies
Which ones are food?
carbohydrates
proteins
fats
nucleic acids
vitamins
minerals, salts
water

22. Don’t forget water Water Rest of you is made of carbon molecules
65% of your body is H2O
water is inorganic
doesn’t contain carbon
Rest of you is made of carbon molecules
organic molecules
carbohydrates
proteins
fats
nucleic acids

23. What do we use the organic molecules for?
Carbohydrates
Source of energy
Proteins
Building blocks of the body
Lipids
Source of stored energy

24. OH H HO
CH2OH O
Carbohydrates:
Energy molecules

25. Carbohydrates

26. Carbohydrates Function: Examples quick energy energy storage structure
cell wall in plants
Examples
sugars
starches
cellulose (cell wall)
Glycogen
glucose C6H12O6
sucrose
starch

27. A. CARBOHYDRATES
Living things use carbohydrates as a key source of ENERGY!
Plants use carbohydrates for structure (CELLULOSE)
include sugars and complex carbohydrates (starches)
Contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
The hydrogen is in a 2:1 ratio to oxygen…always
Ex C6H12O6

28. Simple sugars

32. How do plants store extra glucose?
Starch
How do animals store sugar/glucose?
Glycogen

34. + +
H2O

37. Dehydration Synthesis

39. Building large organic molecules
Small molecules = building blocks
Bond them together = polymers
A Polymer is made up of repeating subunits

40. Building important polymers
Carbohydrates = built from sugars
sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar
Proteins = built from amino acids
amino
acid –
Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide
A Polymer is made up of repeating subunits

42. 1. Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
all have the formula C6 H12 O6
all have a single ring structure
(glucose is an example)
Sugars end in –ose
Ex. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Ribose, Deoxyribose

43. 2. Disaccharides (double sugars)
all have the formula C12 H22 O11
sucrose (table sugar) is an example

44. 3. Polysaccharides Formed of three or more simple sugar units
Glycogen - animal starch stored in liver & muscles
Cellulose - indigestible in humans - forms cell walls
Starches - used as energy storage

45. How to build large molecules?
Synthesis
building bigger molecules from smaller molecules
building cells & bodies
repair
growth
reproduction +
ATP

46. Building large molecules of life
Chain together smaller molecules
building block molecules = monomers
Big molecules built from repeating units of little molecules
Polymers

47. sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar
Carbohydrates
Building block molecules =
sugars
sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar - sugar
sugar

48. How do we make these molecules?
We build them!

49. How do we combine simple sugars to make bigger sugars?
By the process called Dehydration Synthesis
Dehydration- lose of water
Synthesis- To make…

50. 4. Dehydration Synthesis
Combining simple molecules to form a more complex one with the removal of water
ex. monosaccharide + monosaccharide ----> disaccharide + water
(C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 ----> C12H22O11 + H2O
Polysaccharides are formed from repeated dehydration synthesis
One example is starch…made by plants

51. amino acids = building block
Example of synthesis
amino acids
protein
Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids
amino acids = building block
protein = polymer

52. How to take large molecules apart
Digestion
taking big molecules apart
getting raw materials
for synthesis & growth
making energy (ATP)
for synthesis, growth & everyday functions +
ATP

53. Example of digestion starch glucose Starch is digested to glucose ATP

54. https://duckduckgo. com/
Activity (dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis)

55. What is the Mechanism of digestion?
Hydrolysis

57. Addition of WATER to a compound to SPLIT it into smaller subunits
5. Hydrolysis
Addition of WATER to a compound to SPLIT it into smaller subunits
(also called chemical digestion)
ex. disaccharide + H2O ---> monosaccharide + monosaccharide
C12 H22 O11 + H2 O ---> C6 H12 O6 + C6 H12 O6

58. Proteins

59. Multipurpose molecules
Proteins:
Multipurpose molecules

60. Proteins Examples muscle skin, hair, fingernails, claws pepsin insulin
collagen, keratin
pepsin
digestive enzyme in stomach
insulin
hormone that controls blood sugar levels
pepsin
collagen (skin)

61. Do Now: How are the following 2 reactions different? Explain.
1) C12 H22 O H2O ---> C6 H12 O6 + C6 H12 O6
2) C6 H12 O6 + C6 H12 O6 ---> C12 H22 O H2O
Note-Use the terms Dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis in your answer.
Write A (on top right corner of the card) if you think your answer is correct and B if you are not sure/don’t know the answer.
Ans: 1st is digestion of a disaccharide sugar by the mechanism of hydrolysis –addition of water
2nd is the synthesis of a disaccharide from 2 monosaccharide by the mechanism of dehydration synthesis- loss of water

62. Proteins —N— H | —C— C—OH || O Building block = amino acids –
20 different amino acids
There’s 20 of us…
like 20 different letters in an alphabet! Can make lots of different words
—N— H |
—C—
C—OH || O
variable group

64. Proteins are polymers of amino acids
Small molecules = Amino acids (building blocks)
Bond them together = Protiens (polymers)

65. There are 20 types of amino acids
C2H5OH
C2H5
CH3
Only R group is different between the 20 types of amino acids

66. C. PROTEINS
contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
composed of MANY amino acid subunits
It is the arrangement of the amino acid that forms the primary structure of proteins.
The basic amino acid form has a carboxyl group on one end, a methyl group that only has one hydrogen in the middle, and a amino group on the other end.
Attached to the methyl group is an R group.

67. C. PROTEINS contain the elements carbon, ____________________________
composed of MANY amino acid subunits
It is the arrangement of the __________that forms the primary structure of proteins.
The basic amino acid form has a _________ group on one end, a __________ group that only has one hydrogen in the middle, and a ___________on the other end.
Attached to the methyl group is an ___ group.

68. 8. Dipeptide formed from two amino acid subunits
Formed by the process of Dehydration Synthesis
amino acid + amino acid dipeptide + water

69. Synthesis of a dipeptide
Mechanism is called-Dehydration synthesis
Amino acid + amino acid ---> dipeptide + H2O
(Chemical reaction in words)
(Chemical reaction in formula)

72. amino acids = building block
Example of synthesis
amino acids
protein
Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids
amino acids = building block
protein = polymer

73. 9. Hydrolysis of a dipeptide
Breaking down of a dipeptide into amino acids
dipeptide + H2O ---> aminoacid + amino acid

74. 10. Polypeptide (protein)
composed of three or more amino acids linked by synthesis reactions
Examples of proteins include insulin, hemoglobin, and enzymes.
** There are an extremely large number of different proteins.
The bases for variability include differences in the number, kinds and sequences of amino acids in the proteins

75. 10. Polypeptide (protein)
composed of ____________amino acids linked by synthesis reactions
Examples of proteins include _____________________________
** There are an extremely large number of different proteins.
The bases for variability include differences in the __________, kinds and _____________ of amino acids in the proteins

76. Lipids: Fats & Oils

77. Concentrated energy molecules
Lipids
Concentrated energy molecules

78. Lipids Examples fats oils waxes hormones sex hormones
testosterone (male)
estrogen (female)

79. Lipids Function: energy storage cell membrane cushions organs
very concentrated
twice the energy as carbohydrates!
cell membrane
cushions organs
insulates body
think whale blubber!

80. Other lipids in biology
Cell membranes are made out of lipids
phospholipids
heads are on the outside touching water
“like” water
tails are on inside away from water
“scared” of water
forms a barrier between the cell & the outside

81. Saturated vs. unsaturated

82. B. Lipids (Fats) Fats, oils, waxes, steroids
Chiefly function in energy storage, protection, and insulation
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but the H:O is not in a 2:1 ratio
Tend to be large molecules -- an example of a neutral lipid is below

83. Structure of Fat not a chain (polymer) = just a “big fat molecule”

89. 5. Neutral lipids are formed from the union of
one glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids
fatty acids + glycerol ----> neutral fat (lipid)
7. Fats -- found chiefly in animals
8. Oils and waxes -- found chiefly in plants
Oils are liquid at room temperature, waxes are
solids
10. Lipids along with proteins are key components
of cell membranes
11. Steroids are special lipids used to build many reproductive hormones and cholesterol

90. Proteins are very versatile!
They play different roles in the body
Some act as hormones
Some as enzymes to do chemical reactions
A Enzyme B
Some as antibodies to protect you
Some act as hemoglobin to help carry oxygen

91. Many Functions of Membrane Proteins
“Channel”
Outside
Plasma
membrane
Inside
Transporter
Enzyme activity
Cell surface receptor
“Antigen”
Signal transduction - transmitting a signal from outside the cell to the cell nucleus, like receiving a hormone which triggers a receptor on the inside of the cell that then signals to the nucleus that a protein must be made.
Cell surface identity marker
Cell adhesion
Attachment to the cytoskeleton

92. How proteins help in your metabolism?
By playing the role of enzymes

93. Thousands of chemical reactions happen inside each cell
Cellular respiration, photosynthesis, synthesis of proteins etc etc…
Some are breakdown reactions (catabolic) and some are synthesis reactions (anabolic)
Sum of all chemical reactions is called metabolism

94. CATALYST- helps speed up things without changing itself
7. Enzymes are very specific
Meaning one type of enzyme catalyzes only one type of chemical reaction
6. Names end in -ase

95. CATALYST- helps speed up things without changing itself
7. Enzymes are very specific
Meaning one type of enzyme catalyzes only one type of chemical reaction
6. Names end in -ase

96. How do enzymes work?
Because of their SHAPE

97. How do enzymes work? Mechanism..
Lock and key
How are these 2 reactions different?

98. https://www. johnbowne. org/apps/pages/index. jsp
Chin Video 1,2
Show #2 first #1

99. Anabolic reaction/synthesis

105. How do enzymes speed up a chemical reaction?
By lowering the activation energy required for the reaction

106. What are the factors affecting enzyme activity?

108. How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

110. Low Temperature: Enzyme activity slow
Optimum temperature: Maximum enzyme activity
High Temperature: Enzyme activity decreases because enzymes DENATURE

111. How does pH affect enzyme activity?
These 3 enzymes work at different pH
Acidic pH
Alkaline/basic pH

117. Proteins as antibodies

118. Proteins as hormones

119. Enzymes

120. Enzyme action

121. Enzyme worksheets

125. End Products
Substrate
Active-site
Enzyme

126. Proteins Function: many, many functions hormones movement
signals from one body system to another
insulin
movement
muscle
immune system
protect against germs
enzymes
help chemical reactions