1. Objectives To learn the principle organs of the respiratory system.
To learn the medical terminology of the respiratory system

2. Basic Terminology Apnea- temporary cessation or lack of breathing
Dyspnea- Shortness of breath/difficulty breathing
Hypoxia- low amount of oxygen in cells
Hemoptysis- coughing up blood
Intubation-(to intubate-v) the process of forcefully opening up an airway that has closed, either due to a foreign body (food) or laryngospasms (neurological).

3. Key Roots: Pulmano Thoraco Pneumo
Respiratory System
Key Roots:
Pulmano
Thoraco
Pneumo

4. Respiratory System
Respiration: the process of releasing carbon dioxide during exhalation and taking in oxygen during inhalation.
Respiratory organs include the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, lungs, and diaphragm.
The respiratory system has two principle features:
1. Mucous
2. Cilia- little hairs
Both of their jobs is to trap pathogens
3. All the organs are line with smooth muscle which allows them to dilate or constrict.

5. Nose The Nose has 2 parts: 1. Nares aka Nostrils 2. Nasal Cavity
Made of cartilage
Nasal Septum wall that separates nostrils.
2. Nasal Cavity
Large, tunnel-filled cavity whose job it is to warm up inhaled air
Superior aspect of it is lined with special olfactory cells for smell
The four sinuses are linked to nasal cavity through openings called ostia.

6. Pharynx Used for respiration and echo chamber for sound 3 sections
1. Nasopharynx
Posterior to nasal cavity
Features the Eustachian Tubes
Tube that goes from the nasopharynx to the middle ear
2. Oropharynx
Posterior to oral cavity
Features the Uvula
Assists in speaking
3. Laryngopharynx
Section where pharynx ends and opens up to two tubes:
Esophagus ( for food)
Larynx (for Air)

7. Larynx Larynx=Voice Box
It sits below the pharynx and serves as the gateway to the trachea (windpipe).
Larynx covered by epiglottis, a flap, during swallowing
Larynx contains the vocal cords, also known as the Glottis
They vibrate when air is exhaled to produce sounds
Hyoid Bone keeps the larynx in place
Terms:
Laryngitis- leads to voice loss
Laryngospasm- vocal cords close preventing air from entering the trachea.

8. Hypoxia
Dyspnea
Tachypnea
Hypoxemia
Thoracentesis
Hemothorax
Pneumothorax
Thoracotomy
Emphysema Pneumonia
Stridor
Epistaxis

9. Trachea (Windpipe) The trachea connects the larynx to the lungs
It is comprised of rings of cartilage wrapped in ligaments to keep the trachea always open.
It runs anterior to the esophagus.
Tracheotomy- emergency incision
Carina- end of trachea

10. Tracheostomy-permanent tracheotomies

11. Bronchi
Trachea divides into Rt and Left Bronchi (Bronchus sing.) at the carina.
The Bronchi are the main tubes of air that enter each lung.
Each bronchus then divides into smaller and smaller bronchi, and eventually into bronchioles.
This system of tubes is called the Bronchial Tree
Asthma occurs when the bronchial tubes contract and not enough air is able to reach alveoli.

12. Quizzito 1. Eustachia A. Site of vocal cords; Adam’s Apple
2. Olfactory Cells B. Throat
3. Larynx C. Smell cells in nasal cavity
4. Pharynx D. Microscopic Hairs in respiratory system
5. Cilia E. Connects larynx to bronchial tubes
6. Trachea F. Tubes that connect throat to ears

13. Lungs Main organ for respiration
Contain approx. 1,500 miles of airways and million alveoli.
Pink in appearance
Each lung has an apex (the top) and the base (the bottom) that sits on the diaphragm
Hilum-Opening on the medial side of lungs where 3 things enter:
Pulmonary Artery
Pulmonary Vein
Bronchus (Air Tube)

14. Right Lung (lateral view)
Larger than Left Lung
Contains 3 Lobes
Superior
Middle
Inferior
Each lobe has its own bronchi (tube) and blood supply

15. Left Lung Smaller than Rt Lung Made of 2 lobes
To make room for the heart
Made of 2 lobes
Superior
Inferior

17. Alveoli
At the end of the bronchioles tubes inside the lungs are the Alveoli.
These bubble-looking organs are the site of gas exchange.
Pulmonary Artery brings C02 to alveoli and is released when exhaling
Pulmonary Vein grabs 02 when inhaling and takes to left side of heart.

18. Quizzito 1. Dyspnea A. Air in chest cavity
2. Tachypnea B. Difficulty Breathing
3. Intubation C. Blood in chest
4. Apnea D. No breathing
5. Pneumothorax E. Forcefully opening up the airway
6. Hemothorax F. Rapid Breathing
7. Larynx G. Throat
8. Pharynx H. Voice box

19. The Pleura Lungs are housed in the thoracic (chest) cavity
The Pleura Space is the small space between the outside of the lung and the inside layer of the thoracic cavity.
Normally full of mucous to prevent pain during respiration.
Can be full of blood, pus, air due to trauma.
Pneumothorax
Pleural Effusion
Thoracentesis
-Process of removing aforementioned with the use of a needle.
Pleurisy- pleural mucous dries up; leads to dyspnea

21. Diaphragm
Diaphragm is the dome-shaped muscle beneath the lungs that is vital in respiration
It also separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
It is controlled both voluntarily and involuntarily.
The Intercostal muscles, which wrap around the ribs, also assist in respiration.
They move the anterior ribs and sternum forward during inhalation.

22. Main Diagnostic Tests for Respiratory System
Auscultation
Using a stethoscope to listen to respiration/heartbeat
Chest X-ray (CXR)-
Used to look at size of heart.
And to diagnose, pneumonia, pneumothorax, etc
Pulmonary Angiogram
Similar to heart angiogram, contrast is shot into the branches of the pulmonary artery in the lungs to look for blockages and pulmonary embolisms.

23. Pneumothorax

24. Pleural Effusion

25. Pneumonia

26. Tuberculosis

27. Pathology
Pleurisy-Pleura fluid dries up causing lungs to grind against the thoracic cavity
Pleural Effusion -Fluid accumulates in the pleural cavity
Thoracentesis- procedure in which needle sucks out fluid
Pneumothorax.-air enters the pleural cavity and collapses the lung
Atelectasis= collapsing of lung
Chest air tube inserted to remove air to equalize pressure
Bronchitis-inflammation of the bronchi
Pneumonia-Infection of the lung tissue (alveoli)
Tuberculosis (TB or Consumption)
Lung infection caused specifically by Myobacterium Tuberculoses bacteria.
Emphysema-overinflation of alveoli makes it difficult to exhale CO2 and inhale oxygen
COPD (Chronic Obstruction Pulmonary Disease)
Combination disease of Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema

28. Vocabulary
Malingerer (n) {to malinger (v)}- someone who fakes an illness to avoid school/work.
Shyster (n)- one who manipulates someone with their words to con them out of money or possessions.
Charlatan (n)- a fraud; someone who makes false claims that he/she is smarter or more talented than he/she really is.
Mercurial (adj)- to be moody; quick changes in temperament
Articulate (adj)- to express oneself in a clear and persuasive manner
Ennui-(n) extreme boredom, normally due the dissatisfaction and dullness of daily life.
Apoplectic (adj)- to be extremely anger; furious (ancient name for a Stroke= Apoplexy)
To emote (v)- to express emotions.