1. Measuring National Output and National Income
Lecture Three
Measuring National Output and National Income

2. GDP
GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a given period of time by factors of production located within a country.

3. Expenditure Approach
The expenditure approach is a method of computing GDP that measures the amount spent on all final goods during a given time period.

4. Expenditure Approach
GDP = C + I + G + (EX - IM)

5. Consumption - C Durable goods: goods that last a relatively long time
Nondurable goods: goods which are perishable
Services: goods which do not involve the production of physical things

6. Investment - I
Nonresidential: expenditures by firms on machines, factories, tools, etc.
Residential: expenditures by households on new houses and apartment buildings
Business inventories: goods that firms produce now with the intent to sell later

7. Government Purchases - G
Expenditures by federal, state and local governments on final goods
Does not include transfer payments (social security, unemployment benefits, etc.)

8. Net Exports - (EX-IM)
Exports: sales to foreigners of U.S. produced goods
Imports: purchases by U.S. citizens of foreign produced goods
Net Exports = Exports - Imports

9. Income Approach
A method of computing GDP that measures the incomes - wages, rents, interest, and profits - received by all factors of production in producing final goods.

10. National Income
Compensation of employees: wages, salaries, etc., paid to households
Proprietors’ income: income of unincorporated businesses
Corporate profits: income of corporations
Net interest: interest paid by businesses
Rental income: income received by property owners

11. Depreciation
Depreciation is the decline in value of capital assets as they wear out or become obsolete.

12. Indirect Taxes and Subsidies
Indirect Taxes: sales taxes, custom duties, license fees, etc.
Subsidies: payments made by the government for which it receives goods or services

13. Net Factor Payments to Rest of World
Payments of factor income to the rest of the world minus the receipt of factor income from the rest of the world

14. Gross National Product
Add to GDP any income earned abroad by US firms or residents
Subtract any income earned in the US by foreign firms or residents.

15. Net National Product - NNP
NNP = GDP - depreciation

16. National Income - NI
NI = NNP - indirect taxes + subsidies

17. Personal Income - PI
PI = NI - (corporate profits - dividends) - social insurance payments

18. Disposable Personal Income - DPI
DPI = PI - personal income taxes

19. Nominal GDP Nominal GDP is GDP measured in current dollars
Current dollars: the current prices that one pays for goods and services

20. Real GDP Real GDP is measured in constant year prices
Real GDP is adjusted for inflation
Constant year: an arbitrary base year from which prices are derived

21. GDP adjusted for inflation. Base year will be year 1.
Real GDP
GDP adjusted for inflation.
Base year will be year 1.

22. GDP Deflator
A measure of the prices of all goods and services produced
= (Nominal GDP/Real GDP) * 100

23. Rate of change in price level
Rate of Inflation
Rate of change in price level
GDP deflator (year 2) - GDP deflator (year 1)
Inflation (year 2) =
GDP deflator (year 1)

24. Limitations of the GDP Concept
Social Welfare
Underground Economy
Per Capita GDP

25. Review Terms & Concepts
Base year
Business inventories
Compensation of employees
Corporate profits
Current dollars
Depreciation
Disposable personal income
Durable goods
Expenditure approach
Final goods & services
Fixed-weight procedure
Government consumption & investment
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Gross investment

26. Review Terms & Concepts (cont.)
Gross National Product (GNP)
Gross private investment
Income approach
Indirect taxes
Intermediate goods
National income
Net exports
Net factor payments
Net interest
Net investment
Net National Product (NNP)
Nominal GDP
Nondurable goods
Nonresidential investment

27. Review Terms & Concepts (cont.)
Per capita GDP
Personal consumption expenditures
Personal income
Personal saving
Personal saving rate
Proprietors’ income
Rental income
Residential investment
Services
Subsidies
Underground economy
Value added
Weight