1. Unit II –Population and Migration

2. Where are the four major clusters of population concentrations?
2/3 of world pop in 4 regions:
East Asia - 1/5 of world
South Asia - 1/5 of world
Southeast Asia million
Europe - primarily urban

3. What is CBR and CDR?
Crude Birth Rate – number of births in a country per 1,000 people
Crude Death Rate – number of deaths in a country per 1,000 people

4. What is IMR,TFR, NIR?
Infant mortality rate – death of infants under the age of 1 per 1000 live births
Total fertility rate- Average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (15-49)
Natural Increate Rate – difference between CBR and CDR indicate natural growth or decline within a population – would developing countries have increase or decrease?

6. What is doubling time?
The number of years needed to double a population assuming there is a constant rate of natural increase
2000 years ago – world population estimated at 250 million
Took 16 centuries to double to 500 million (1650)
1820 (170 years later) – population doubled to 1 billion
1930 – 2 billion
POPULATION EXPLOSION! Why?
1975 – 4 billion

7. What is the carrying capacity?
Number of people an area can support on a sustained basis
Farmers using irrigation & fertilizers support more people
Industrial societies import raw materials & export manufactured goods

8. What is the dependency ratio?
Measures the economic impact of younger and older cohorts on the economically productive members of a population
Age 15 and younger and age 64 and older

9. What factors affect the shape of population pyramids?
Represents a population’s age & sex composition
Factors affecting shape:
Health care
War
Availability of birth control
Cultural values
Level of economic development

13. What are some theories of population growth?
Thomas Malthus
Food growing arithmetically vs. population growing exponentially
Neo-Malthusians - Zero population growth movement - goal to level off world’s population growth to ensure earth can sustain its inhabitants
Boserup- using technology to help feed the growing population

14. What are some natural hazards that impact population?
Climate, drought, hurricanes, typhoons, tsunamis
Malthus’ “negative checks” - famine and disease
Globalization has increased spread of communicable diseases
AIDS
Asian bird flu
Pandemic = widespread epidemic
Swine flu

15. What are the stages of the Demographic Transition Model?
Stage 1 - pre-industrial, agrarian societies
High CBR and CDR
Stage 2 - industrialization
High CBR, lower CDR
By mid19th century - epidemiological revolution
Stage 3 - mature industrial economy
CBR drops, CDR low
Stage 4 - post-industrial economy
CBR continues to fall and CDR low
More women in workforce
Children expensive
Extensive education needed to fill post-industrial jobs
Stage 5 – population growth is negative

18. What are some population policies?
Expansive policies or pronatalist policies and - like Mao Zedong’s and Denmark
Restrictive policies or antinatalist policies
China - Deng Xiaoping
One child policy
Female infanticide
India - democracy’s problems
Family planning

19. Some International Policy Efforts
1994 International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo, Egypt - agreed that improving the status of women is essential to population control
1995 UN Fourth World Conference in Beijing, China - agreed that women needed to control fertility allowing them to take advantage of educational and employment opportunities

20. What are examples of population movement?
Circulation = our short-term repetitive movements in our days
Periodic movement – transhumance
Migration = involves a permanent move to a new location, within a country or to another country
Demographic equation = summarizes population change over time in an area by combining natural change (death rate subtracted from birth rate) and the net migration
Emigration - migration FROM a location
Immigration - migration TO a location

21. Short Term Circulation & Activity Space
Activity Space - area in which an individual moves about as he or she pursues regular, day-to-day activities
Factors affecting activity spaces:
Age group - younger by foot/bicycle; older by car; retired activity space shrinks
Ability to travel - suburbs vs. city; LDC vs. MDC; income level
Opportunities to travel - self-sufficient families, poverty, & physical isolation reduce awareness space

22. Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
British demographer
Wrote 11 migration laws
Most immigrants move short distance
Distance decay - decline of activity or function with increasing distance from point of origin
Step migration - long-distance migration done in stages
Intervening opportunities - those planning to go long distances find other opportunities before reaching final destination

23. Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
Migrants moving longer distances tend to choose cities as destinations
Each migration flow produces a counter-flow; ex. When one group moves in to neighborhood, another group moves in
Families less likely to make international moves; single males more likely

24. Reasons for Migration Push factor = encourages people to move
Pull factor = attracts people to a region

25. Economic Push and Pull Factors
Generally from poor economic opportunities to jobs available elsewhere
USA & Canada = major destinations for economic migrants
$ migrants send home to family = remittances
Ex. Haitians in US & Canada & Caribbean sent home over $1 billion in remittances in 2007 (=30% of Haiti’s GDP)
2001 Haiti Census est. 1 in 5 households in Haiti receives foreign remittances
2007 – Mexican immigrants sent home $23.98 billion in remittances

26. Cultural Push and Pull Factors
Political conditions can be pull factors – attraction to democratic countries from communist ones
Fall of European communism ended the pull
Forced international migration historically due to slavery and political instability
Refugees = people who have been forced to migrate from their homes & cannot return for fear of persecution because of race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion
2007 – 14 million refugees

27. Environmental Push and Pull Factors
Pull toward physically attractive regions (mountains, sea sides, warm climates)
Push from hazardous ones: esp. water – too little or too much – most common environmental threat
Many forced to move due to location on floodplain (area next to river subject to flooding during specific # of years based on historical trends)
“100 year floodplain” = expect flooding on avg once a century
too little water – people of Sahel being pushed off – pastoral nomads forced to move to cities

28. Countermigration: govts send back migrants caught entering countries illegally
Ex. 1990s – US repatriated Haitian arrivals from Florida
Ex. Afghanistan – 10 million Afghanis have left the country due to civil war, the Taliban, and current instability
Have ended up primarily in Pakistan and Iran
After Taliban took control in 1994, support for Pakistan waned and Pakistan govt forced repatriation of thousands of Afghans
Since 9/11/01 – UNHCR has helped Pakistan and Iran repatriate 5 million refugees back into Afghanistan
Currently 3 million Afghans are registered refugees in Iran and Pakistan (& 1 million unregistered in Pakistan)

29. Asylum
When a refugee meets the official criteria her/she becomes eligible for assistance including possible asylum
Asylum = right to protection in 1st country in which he/she arrives

30. What is IDP? Do not cross international borders
Tend to be undercounted
UNHCR est – 26 million people are IDPs

31. Major Migrations at Different Scales
Asia, Latin America and Africa have net out-migration
North America. Europe, and Oceania jave net in-migration
Largest flows are:
Asia to Europe
Asia to North America
South America to North America

32. U.S. Immigration Patterns
Three Main Eras:
Initial settlement of colonies
Emigration from Europe
Immigration since 1945

33. Initial Settlement of Colonies
About 1 million Europeans came before 1776
Another 1 million by 1840
Majority from Britain
Others from Netherlands, Sweden, France, Germany, Iberian Peninsula
18th century - 400,000 African slaves brought over

34. Emigration from Europe
19th-20th century migration one of most significant in history
75 million departed for Americas between
Largest number to USA
Three waves:
1840s-1850s - 2 largest groups Irish & Germans
Late 1800s s-1890s - 75% NW Europe; Germans & Irish continued & Scandinavians; pull factor Industrial Revolution
Early 1900s- peak levels 1910; many from Southern and Eastern Europe, esp. Italy, Russia, Austria-Hungary

35. Immigration since 1945
Restrictions against Asians lifted in 1960s: China, Philippines, India, Vietnam
Many came as refugees
Many went to Canada
Another major source is Latin America with Mexico topping 8 million
1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act - government issued visas to several hundred thousand people who had previously entered illegally

36. Intraregional Migrations
Within USA, African-Americans began migrating from South to North during WWI and in the 1940s; 1970s countertrend of African Americans moving back South
Dislocation due to ethnic strife, war, or natural disasters
South Asia - Afghanistan - Pakistan
Southeast Asia - Vietnam - Cambodia
Balkans - collapse of Yugoslavia
Sub-Saharan Africa - Rwanda, Sudan

38. Migration Selectivity
=Tendency for certain types of people to move influenced by
1. Age - young people, and their children
2. Education - higher levels of education more likely to migrate long distances; follow one’s career in professions; danger of brain drains
3. Kinship and friendship ties - chain migration; ethnic neighborhoods such as “Little Italies” and “Chinatowns”

39. 1. Definition of demography
2. Arithmetic density, agricultural density, physiological density
3. Ecumene
4. Location and characteristics of major population clusters
5. Location and characteristics of emerging population clusters
6. Sparsely populated areas (location and characteristics)
7. Distribution of population within clusters
8. Overpopulation/carrying capacity
9. Challenges of highly-concentrated populations in certain areas of the world
10. Population pyramids
11. Spatial analysis
12. Dependency ratio
13. Relationship between population distribution and distribution of natural hazards
14. Difference between a natural hazard and natural disaster
15. The “J” curve
16. Demographic equation
17. Locations of high and low Total Fertility Rate (TFR), Crude Birth Rate (CBR), Crude Death Rate (CDR), and Natural Increase Rate (NIR)
18. Doubling time
19. Sex ratio

40. 20. Reasons for rapid population growth due to industrialization and diffusion of modern medical practices
21. Thomas Malthus
22. Life expectancy
23. Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
24. Which country’s experience was the Demographic Transition Model (DTM) based on and why?
25. Anti-natalist policies (strategies to lower the Crude Birth Rate (CBR))
26. Pro-natalist policies (strategies to increase the Crude Birth Rate (CBR))
27. Zero Population Growth (ZPG) – replacement level
28. Role of economic development
29. Migration and Ravenstein’s Laws
30. Immigration vs. emigration
31. Cultural, economic, and environmental pushes and pulls
32. Recent trends in migration
33. Chain migration
34. Step migration
35. Intervening obstacles and opportunities
36. Wilbur Zelinsky’s Migration Transition Theory
37. Involuntary migration
38. Refugees
39. The Soviet experience (internal migration)
40. Interregional migration in Europe and the U.S.
41. Brain drain
42. Transhumance
43. Guest workers
44. Intraregional migration (rural to urban and urban to rural)
45. Counter-urbanization
46. Obstacles for immigrants
47. Activity space