1. Instructional Approaches

2. Instructional Approaches
Description
Attributes
Applications

3. Presentation-Description
Relates,Dramatizes, Disseminates info
Uses verbal info or visual symbols
One-way communications
Examples
Read a book
Listen to a tape
Attend a lecture

4. Presentation-Attributes
Teacher controls pace, content
Accommodates variety of group sizes
Student sees and hears same info
Organizes content
Presents a lot of content quickly
Often includes auditory component
Requires little activity from student
No feedback to learners

5. Demonstration- Description
Show students how to do a task
Show why when where it is done
Imitates a physical performance
Examples
Swing a golf club
Change oil in car
Adopt attitudes

6. Demonstration-Attributes
Utilizes multiple senses
Illustrates ideas and abstract concepts
Dramatic appeal
Arouses interest
Essential for teaching psychomotor skills
Reduces hazards
Sets performance standards
Is time consuming

7. Discussion- Description
Encourages classroom rapport
Actively involves students in learning
Introduces students to different beliefs
Utilizes critical thinking skills
Allows for assessment of student participation

8. Discussion-Attributes
Teaches content as well as interpersonal skills
Students actively apply problem solving, critical thinking skills
Interesting and stimulating
Can change attitudes/behavior
Students benefit from contributions of others
Requires advance preparation

9. Cooperative Learning-Description
Involves small groups of students working together
Teaches social and communicative skills while teaching content
Problem solving with others
Supports community in classroom

10. Cooperative Learning-Attributes
Promotes positive interdependence
Encourages relational skills
Facilitates academic and social learning
Involves students in active learning
Requires compatibility
Takes more time to cover content
Less appealing to individualistic learners

11. Discovery Learning-Description
Enables and encourages students to find answers for themselves
Students learn by doing
Relates discovery to previous learning
Uses inductive or inquiry approach

12. Discovery Learning- Attributes
Allows students to use data
Requires students to operate in the way required by the discipline
Helps students learn to learn
Provides intrinsic motivation
Develops critical thinking skills
Encourages higher order thinking
Can be very time intensive

13. Problem Solving-Description
Students use previously mastered skills to resolve a challenge
Define problems
Formulate hypotheses
Collect and analyze data
Derive conclusions
Verify conclusions

14. Problem Solving- Attributes
Increases comprehension and retention
Students apply theory to practice
Involves higher learning processes
Develops responsibility
Has several possible answers
Utilizes resources other than textbook
Students practice strategizing

15. Instructional Games-Description
Provide an appealing environment
Learners learn and follow rules to attain goal
Highy motivating for repetitive content

16. Instructional Games-Attributes
Actively involves students
Provides for practice of skills
Students compete against themselves
Can be tiered and levels of difficulty
Can provide feedback
Can be time consuming to set up

17. Simulation-Description
Learners confront a controlled approximation of a real life situation
Provides realistic practice
Can approximate very abstract concepts in concrete terms

18. Simulation-Attributes
Used for acquisition of info
Improvement of processes
Promotes cognitive and interpersonal skills
Provides immediate feedback
Causes emotional involvement
Promotes decision making

19. Drill and Practice-Description
Learners are led thru series of exercises
Increases fluency in new skills
Relates to previous skill sets
Spelling, math, language instruction
Can free instructor to focus on more complex issues

20. Drill and Practice- Attributes
Aids in fact /rote memorization
Provides repetitive practice
Psychomotor/low level cognitive skills
Appropriate for info not learned in one exposure
Can be BORING
Can be confusing

21. Tutorial-Description
Tutor presents content,
Poses question
Requests learner response
Analyzes the response
Supplies feedback
Provides practice

22. Tutorial-Attributes
Can be Socratic, learner to learner, CAI,programmed instruction
Provides optimum individualized instruction
Highest degree of student participation
Benefits student tutors
Sequenced, interactive
May be impractical

23. Instructional Approach
Characteristics