1. Week 3: Lesson 5 Integumentary System & Unit 6 Part 1 Review
Unit 6: Human Body
Week 3: Lesson 5 Integumentary System & Unit 6 Part 1 Review

2. SC Standards
Standard 7.L.3: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how the levels of organization within organisms support the essential functions of life.
7.L.3B Conceptual Understanding: Multicellular organisms (including humans) are complex systems with specialized cells that perform specific functions. Organs and organ systems are composed of cells that function to serve the needs of cells which in turn serve the needs of the organism.
7.L.3B.2: Construct explanations for how systems in the human body (including circulatory, respiratory, digestive, excretory, nervous, and musculoskeletal systems) work together to support the essential life functions of the body.
S.1A.6: Construct explanations of phenomena using (1) primary or secondary scientific evidence and models, (2) conclusions from scientific investigations, (3) predictions based on observations and measurements, or (4) data communicated in graphs, tables, or diagrams

3. Learning Objectives
It is essential that students construct explanations for how systems in the human body (including circulatory, respiratory, digestive, excretory, nervous, and musculoskeletal systems) work together to support the essential life functions of the body.
It is essential for the student to be able to understand the basic form and function of each of the following body systems as well as the interrelationships that occur between systems to ensure the survival of the organism.

4. Bell Work What are the levels of organization?
The cell is the _______ and _________ of all living things.
What are the four types of tissues and what are their functions?

5. Functions of the Integumentary System
Protection – chemical, physical, and mechanical barrier
Body temperature regulation is accomplished by:
Dilation (cooling) and constriction (warming) of dermal vessels
Increasing sweat gland secretions to cool the body
Sensation – receptors sense touch and pain

6. Functions of the Integumentary System
Metabolic functions – synthesis of vitamin D in dermal blood vessels
Blood reservoir – skin blood vessels store up to 5% of the body’s blood volume
Excretion – limited amounts of nitrogenous wastes are eliminated from the body in sweat

7. Skin (Integument) Consists of three major regions
Epidermis–outermost superficial region
Dermis–middle region
Hypodermis (superficial fascia)–deepest region

8. Skin (Integument)
Figure 5.1

9. Epidermis
Composed of keratinized cells, consisting of four distinct cell types and four or five layers
Keratinized: mean that the cells have added proteins.
Cell types include keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells, and Langerhans’ cells
Outer portion of the skin is exposed to the external environment and functions in protection

10. Basal Layer Deepest epidermal layer firmly attached to the dermis
Consists of a single row of the youngest keratinocytes
Cells undergo rapid division

11. Outer Layer Outermost layer of keratinized cells
Accounts for three quarters of the epidermal thickness
Functions include:
Waterproofing
Protection from abrasion and penetration
Rendering the body relatively insensitive to biological, chemical, and physical assaults

12. Dermis
Second major skin region containing strong, flexible connective tissue
Cell types include fibroblasts, macrophages, and occasionally mast cells and white blood cells
Composed of two layers – papillary and reticular

13. Middle Layer Middle Layer
Accounts for approximately 80% of the thickness of the skin
Collagen fibers in this layer add strength and resiliency to the skin
Elastin fibers provide stretch-recoil properties

14. Skin Color Three pigments contribute to skin color
Melanin – yellow to reddish-brown to black pigment, responsible for dark skin colors
Freckles and pigmented moles – result from local accumulations of melanin
Carotene – yellow to orange pigment, most obvious in the palms and soles of the feet
Hemoglobin – reddish pigment responsible for the pinkish hue of the skin

15. Glands Sweat Glands Different types prevent overheating of the body
Oil Glands
Lubricates hair and skin. Keeps hair from getting brittle
Soften skin when stimulated by hormones
When these ducts become blocked a pimple forms.

16. Hair Strands of dead cells produced by hair follicles
Contains hard keratin which is tough and durable
Made up of the shaft coming from the skin, and the root embedded in the skin
Pigmented by melanocytes at the base of the hair

17. Hair Function and Distribution
Functions of hair include:
Helping to maintain warmth
Alerting the body to presence of insects on the skin
Guarding the scalp against physical trauma, heat loss, and sunlight

18. Skin Cancer Most skin tumors are benign and do not metastasize
Metastasize: to enter the blood and move locations.
A crucial risk factor for nonmelanoma skin cancers is the disabling of the p53 gene
Newly developed skin lotions can fix damaged DNA

19. Skin Cancer The three major types of skin cancer are:
Basal cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma

20. Basal Cell Carcinoma Least malignant and most common skin cancer
Stratum basale cells proliferate and invade the dermis and hypodermis
Slow growing and do not often metastasize
Can be cured by surgical excision in 99% of the cases

21. Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
Arise most often on scalp, ears, and lower lip
Grows rapidly and metastasizes if not removed
Prognosis is good if treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically

22. Melanoma
Cancer of melanocytes is the most dangerous type of skin cancer because it is:
Highly metastatic
Resistant to chemotherapy

23. Melanoma Melanomas have the following characteristics (ABCD rule)
A: Asymmetry; the two sides of the pigmented area do not match
B: Border is irregular and exhibits indentations
C: Color (pigmented area) is black, brown, tan, and sometimes red or blue
D: Diameter is larger than 6 mm (size of a pencil eraser)

24. Melanoma
Treated by wide surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy
Chance of survival is poor if the lesion is over 4 mm thick

25. Review Questions What are the major layers of the skin?
What is the function of hair?
What are the three types of skin cancer?