1. Central Nervous System
The CNS is made up of the spinal cord and brain

2. The Meninges
Special covering membranes, the meninges, protect and support the spinal cord and delicate brain
The cranial meninges: the dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater, are continuous with those of the spinal cord.

3. 8-14

4. Dura mater: covers the brain and spinal cord
Epidural space separates the spinal dura mater from the walls of the vertebral canal
The subarachnoid space of the arachnoid layer contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

5. CSF acts as a shock absorber and a diffusion medium for dissolved gases, nutrients, chemical messages and waste products
Pia mater is bound to the underlying neural tissue.

6. The Spinal Cord
In addition to relaying information to and from the brain, the spinal cord integrates and processes information own its own.
The spinal cord as 31 segments, each associated with a pair of dorsal root ganglia and their dorsal roots and a pair of ventral roots.

7. 8-15

8. The white matter contains myelinated and unmyelinated axons
The gray matter contains the cell bodies of neurons and glial cells
The projections of gray matter toward the outer surface of the spinal cord are called horns.

10. The Brain There are 6 segments to the adult brain Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Midbrain
Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla oblongata

12. The central passageway of the brain expands to form four chambers called ventricles.
CSF continuously circulates from the ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord into the subarachnoid space of the meninges that surround the CNS

14. Cerebrum The cerebrum is responsible for: conscious thought
intellectual functions,
memory
complex involuntary motor patterns

15. The surface of the cerebrum contains gyri (elevated ridges) separated by sulci (shallow depressions) or deeper groves (fissures)
The longitudinal fissure separates the two cerebral hemispheres.
The central sulcus marks the boundary between and frontal lobe and the parietal lobe.

16. Other sulci form the boundaries of the temporal lobe and the occipital lobe.

17. Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information and generates motor commands that concern the opposite side of the body.
The primary motor cortex of the precentral gyrus directs voluntary movements.

18. The primary sensory cortex receives somatic sensory information from touch, pressure, pain and temperature receptors.
Association areas, control our ability to understand sensory information and coordinate a motor response

20. The left hemisphere is usually the categorical hemisphere which contains the general interpretive and speech centers and is responsible for language based skills.

21. The right hemisphere, or representational hemisphere is concerned with spatial relationships and analyses

22. s

23. The basal nuclei lie within the central white matter and aid in the coordination of learned movement patterns and other somatic motor activities.
The limbic system includes the hippocampus, which is involved in memory and learning and the mamillary bodies which control reflex

24. The limbic system includes the hippocampus, which is involved in memory and learning and the mamillary bodies which control reflex movements such as eating.
The functions of the limbic system involve emotional states and related behavioral drives.

25. The Diencephalon
Provides the switching and relay centers necessary to integrate the conscious and unconscious sensory and motor pathways.
Contains
pineal gland
choroid plexus
thalamus
hypothalamus

26. Thalamus Final relay point for ascending sensory information
Only a small portion of the arriving sensory information is passed to the cerebral cortex
Rest is passed to the basal nuclei and centers in the brain stem

28. Hypothalamus Important control and integrative centers
Produces emotions and behavior drives
Coordinates activities of the nervous and endocrine system
Secretes hormones,
Coordinate voluntary and autonomic functions
Regulates body temperature

29. The Brain Stem Three regions
The midbrain processes visual and auditory information and generates involuntary somatic motor responses.
Pons connects the cerebellum to the brain stem and is involved with somatic and visceral motor control
Medulla oblongata: connects to spinal cord relays sensory information and regulates autonomic functions.

30. Cerebellum
Oversees the body’s postural muscles and programs and tunes voluntary and involuntary movements
Cerebellar peduncles are tracts that link the cerebellum with the brain stem, cerebrum and spinal cord.

31. More medulla… Medulla oblongata connects the brain to the spinal cord.
Its nuclei relay information from the spinal cord and brain stem to the cerebral cortex.
Its reflex centers including the cardiovascular centers and the respiratory rhythmicity centers, control or adjust the activities of one or more peripheral systems.