1. AP Bio Exam Review: Unit 1: Biochemistry

2. Chp 2: Elements of Life 25 elements Hint: Remember CHNOPS
96% : C, O, H, N
~ 4% : P, S, Ca, K & trace elements (ex: Fe, I)
Hint: Remember CHNOPS

3. II. Atomic Structure Charges
Atom = smallest unit of matter that retains properties of an element
Subatomic particles:
Charges
Location
neutron
neutral
nucleus
proton
positive
electron
negative
shell

4. Bonds Covalent Ionic Hydrogen All important to life
Form cell’s molecules
Quick reactions
H bonds to other electronegative atoms
Strong bond
Weaker bond (esp. in H2O)
Even weaker
Made and broken by chemical reactions

5. Chp 3: Polarity of H2O
O- will bond with H+ on a different molecule of H2O = hydrogen bond
H2O can form up to 4 bonds

6. Examples of Benefits to Life
H2O Property
Chemical Explanation
Examples of Benefits to Life
Cohesion
polar
H-bond
Water-Water
↑gravity plants, trees
transpiration
Adhesion
Water-Other
plants xylem
bloodveins
Surface Tension
diff. in stretch
break surface
bugswater
Specific Heat
Absorbs & retains Energy
oceanmoderates temps protect marine life (under ice)
Evaporation
liquidgas KE
Cooling
Homeostasis
Universal Substance
Polarityionic
Good dissolver
solvent

7. Solvent of life Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Affinity for H2O
Appears to repel
Polar, ions
Nonpolar
Cellulose, sugar, salt
Oils, lipids
Blood
Cell membrane

8. Acids and Bases Acid: adds H+ (protons); pH<7
Bases: adds OH-; pH>7
Buffers = substances which minimize changes in concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution (weak acids and bases)
Buffers keep blood at pH ~7.4
pH 5 = = M
10X more acidic or basic

9. Figure 3.9 The pH of some aqueous solutions

10. Chp 4: Functional Groups – Organic Chemistry

11. Names & Characteristics
Functional Groups
Functional Group
Molecular Formula
Names & Characteristics
Draw an Example
Hydroxyl
-OH
Alcohols
Ethanol
Carbonyl
>CO
Ketones (inside skeleton)
Aldehydes (at end)
Acetone
Propanol
Carboxyl
-COOH
Carboxylic acids (organic acids)
Acetic acid
Amino
-NH2
Amines
Glycine
Sulfhydryl
-SH
Thiols
Ethanethiol
Phosphate
-OPO32- / -OPO3H2
Organic phosphates
Glycerol phosphate

12. ie. amino acid  peptide  polypeptide  protein
Monomers
Polymers
Macromolecules
Small organic
Used for building blocks of polymers
Connects with condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)
Long molecules of monomers
With many identical or similar blocks linked by covalent bonds
Giant molecules
2 or more polymers bonded together
ie. amino acid  peptide  polypeptide  protein
larger
smaller

13. Dehydration Synthesis (Condensation Reaction)
Hydrolysis
Make polymers
Breakdown polymers
Monomers  Polymers
Polymers  Monomers
A + B  AB
AB  A + B
+ H2O +
+ H2O +
Remove water Adding water

14. Chp 5: Macromolecules

15. Differ in position & orientation of glycosidic linkage
I. Carbohydrates
Fuel and building
Sugars are the smallest carbs
Provide fuel and carbon
monosaccharide  disaccharide  polysaccharide
Monosaccharides: simple sugars (ie. glucose)
Polysaccharides:
Storage (plants-starch, animals-glycogen)
Structure (plant-cellulose, arthropod-chitin)
Differ in position & orientation of glycosidic linkage

16. II. Lipids Fats: store large amounts of energy
saturated, unsaturated, polyunsaturated
Steroids: cholesterol and hormones
Phospholipids: cell membrane
hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail
creates bilayer between cell and external environment
Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tail

17. Four Levels of Protein Structure:
Primary
Amino acid sequence
20 different amino acids
peptide bonds
Secondary
Gains 3-D shape (folds, coils) by H-bonding
α helix, β pleated sheet
Tertiary
Bonding between side chains (R groups) of amino acids
H & ionic bonds, disulfide bridges
Quaternary
2+ polypeptides bond together

18. amino acids  polypeptides  protein

19. Protein structure and function are sensitive to chemical and physical conditions
Unfolds or denatures if pH, and temperature are not optimal. Others?

20. Nucleic Acids = Information Monomer: nucleotide
IV. Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids = Information Monomer: nucleotide
DNA
RNA
Double helix
Thymine
Carries genetic code
Longer/larger
Sugar = deoxyribose
Single strand
Uracil
Messenger (copies), translator
tRNA, rRNA, mRNA, RNAi
Work to make protein
Sugar = ribose

21. The End