1. Cell membrane – boundary that separates the interior of the cell from its surroundings; phospholipid bilayer, semi-permeable

2. Cytoplasm – the cytosol (gel like substance) and organelles; cytosol: 70% of the cell volume, made of water, salts, and organic molecules

3. Nuclear membrane – a pair of membranes that surrounds the nucleus (DNA), contains pores

4. Nucleolus – ball-like mass of fibers, contains the parts that make up ribosomes

5. Golgi apparatus – modifies, stores, and routes proteins and other chemicals

6. Rough endoplasmic reticulum – ER that contains ribosomes – network of membranes that makes and transports proteins

7. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum – ER that doesn’t contain ribosomes, builds lipid molecules like hormones

8. Ribosome – organelles that work as protein “assembly lines,” clusters of proteins and nucleic acids that reads RNA and joins amino acids

9. Mitochondria – site of cellular respiration, releases energy from sugar and uses it to form ATP

10. Peroxisome – breaks down fatty acids, contains hydrogen peroxide that is later changed to water by catalase

11. Centriole – involved in the organization of mitotic spindles and in the completion of cytokinesis (cell division)

12. Lysosome – membrane-bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes to break down proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides; recycling center; destroys bacteria

13. Cytoskeleton – network of fibers that runs throughout cytoplasm and gives cell shape and stability; fibers are microtubules and microfilaments

14. Vacuole – stores undigested nutrients, isolates materials that may be harmful to the cell

15. Chloroplast – site of photosynthesis (conversion of light energy into chemical energy – glucose)

16. Cell wall – rigid layer of polysaccharides outside cell membrane composed mainly of cellulose (fiber)

17. Large central vacuole – stores chemicals like salts, absorbs water, may contain pigments or poisons