1. Multi-organ involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Multi-organ involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus. The characteristic appearance of antinuclear antibodies in the sera is a hallmark of lupus. Clinically, inflammation in lupus can affect the skin (rashes), CNS (neuropsychiatric disorders), lungs (serositis), joints (arthritis) and kidney (glomerulonephritis). Blood disorders such as anemia and thrombocytopenia can also be present. Hyperproliferation of immune populations can lead to an enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly). A proper diagnosis of SLE requires four parameters linked to these phenotypes to be met, where at least one is clinical (e.g. the presence of a malar rash) and one is immunological (e.g. a positive for serum antinuclear antibodies).
Steve P. Crampton et al. Dis. Model. Mech. 2014;7:
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