1. Direct vs indirect quotation
BY : GROUP 2
Ahmad farid
Cycilia novita.a
Kamelia
m. Alex iskandar
Nurul islami g.d
Septi karyaningsih
Direct vs indirect quotation

2. What is quotation?
A "quotation" is the exact word or words that a person speaks. Quotation marks are used to set of a direct report of the exact words a person has used. They are not used for an indirect explanation when the speaker’s exact words aren’t being used.

3. Type of Quotation and Examples
Direct quotation with quotation marks
The young couple said, "The price was too high.“
Indirect quotation: no quotation marks
The young couple said that the price was too high.
2. Direct quotation with first person pronoun
He commented, "I can't understand the figures."
Indirect quotation: change to pronoun
He commented that he couldn't understand the figures.

4. 3. Direct quotation with command "Cancel the payment," my husband said
3. Direct quotation with command "Cancel the payment," my husband said. Indirect quotation: verb + to My husband said [told me] to cancel the payment 4. Direct quotation with expressions of time and place. The bankers said, "We'll work on this deal tomorrow." Indirect quotation: expressions of time and place not related to speaker's perspective The bankers said they would work on that deal the next day

5. 5. Direct quotation with conversational words and phrases The clients said, "Well, no thanks; we won't reorder. Indirect quotation: omit or rephrase conversational words and phrases The clients thanked us but said they would not reorder

6. What are direct quotation?
Direct quotations are another person's exact words either spoken or in print incorporated into your own writing. Example : Suzy asked her mother, “May I go to Peg’s house?”

7. Characteristics of direct quotations
1. Use a set of quotation marks to enclose each direct quotation included in your writing.
Mr. and Mrs. Allen, owners of a 300 acre farm, said, "We refuse to use that pesticide because it might pollute the nearby wells.“
2. Use a capital letter with the first word of a direct quotation of a whole sentence. Do not use a capital letter with the first word of a direct quotation of part of a sentence.
Mr. and Mrs. Allen stated that they "refuse to use that pesticide“ because of possible water pollution.
3. If the quotation is interrupted and then continues in your sentence, do not capitalize the second part of the quotation.
"He likes to talk about football," she said, "especially when the Super Bowl is coming up."

8. What are indirect quotation?
Indirect quotations are not exact words but rather paraphrasing or summaries of another person’s words. Do not use quotation marks for indirect quotations. Example: Suzy asked her mother if she could go to Peg’s house. Sometimes an indirect quote will copy some of the exact words; in that case, quotes will surround the copied material. Such a quote is called an integrated quote: Integrated: Our teacher told us that our “test is postponed until Tuesday.”

9. The Sequence of Tenses Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Present Past
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Past Past Perfect   
Present Perfect Past Perfect
 will would
 can could
  may might

10. The following examples illustrate these rules:
Present to past tense
Direct: Fifteen States are members of the working group.
Indirect: The Secretary of the Council reported that 15 States were members of the working group.
2. Present perfect to past perfect tense
Direct: The investigators have been conducting hearings on security issues for several days.
Indirect: The Director noted that the investigators had been conducting hearings on security issues for several days.
3. Past to past perfect tense
Direct: The Chairman resigned last week.
Indirect: It was announced that the Chairman had resigned the previous week.  

11. 4. Past perfect tense (no change) Direct: The Board had been following the question closely for some time. Indirect: The Director General acknowledged that the Board had been following the question closely for some time. 5. Future to secondary future tense Direct: We will honour the ceasefire. Indirect: The insurgents stated that they would honour the ceasefire. 6. Future perfect to secondary future perfect tense Direct: By 2015 the number will have doubled. Indirect: It was estimated that by 2015 the number would have doubled.

12. 8. Special verb forms Some auxiliary verbs, such as must and ought to, have only one form, which is used in both direct and indirect speech. When should is used as an auxiliary, the form does not change either. Direct: Delegations [must/ought to/should] limit their statements to five minutes. Indirect: The Chairperson emphasized that delegations [must/ought to/should] limit their statements to five minutes. 9. The infinitive form can often be used to avoid cumbersome or awkward constructions in reported speech. Direct: It is reported that the situation is grave. Indirect: She told the Council that the situation was reported to be grave. (Awkward: She told the Council that it was reported that the situation was grave.)

13. Pronouns, possessives and demonstratives
The changes required in pronouns, possessive adjectives and demonstratives are as follows:
Direct speech Indirect speech
I he,she
Me him,her
My his,her,the
Mine his,hers
We they
Us them
Our their, the
Ours theirs
You they,them
You their,the
Yours theirs
This that, the
These those, the

14. Adverbs and adjectives
Adverbs and adjectives denoting time and place may have to be changed as follows:
Direct speech Indirect speech
Here there
Now, at the present time then, at the time
Present existing, current
Today that day, at the time
Tommorow the day after, the next day
Yesterday the day before, the previous day
Ago before, earlier

15. Conclusion
Direct quotations are another person's exact words either spoken or in print incorporated into your own writing, while indirect quotations are not exact words but rather paraphrasing or summaries of another person’s words. Do not use quotation marks for indirect quotations.