1. Unions Measures of union presence and influence
Facts about unions: diverging presence and influence
What are Unions?
Workers’ coalition vs. bargaining (value of performance)
Representation in the society of general workers’ interests (value of work)

2. Measures Union density (only active members?)
Coverage of Collective Bargaining
“Excess Coverage”
Centralisation of bargaining
Co-ordination of unions
Degree of involvement of unions in the running of social security (Ghent countries)

3. De-unionisation….

5. Unions are popular also among non-members…

6. ..but they lost bargaining power

7. What else do unions do? Voice for workers.
Non-wage compensation and working conditions, compression of wage inequalities (rationale: ideology, insurance, savings on negotation costs), political role
Provision of services to their members as a way to solve the free-rider problem

8. Membership is related to objectives of unions and vice versa
Unions as voluntary membership organisations
Free fox in free poultry (Adam Smith)
The costs and benefits of membership
Workers as shareholders vs. workers need to be represented

9. Who joins a union?

10. Are Unions stronger in sheltered sectors?

11. The Unions They Are’ A-Changin