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Colonialism and Nation-States
Chapter 8 Section 1 Text pages Colonialism and Nation-States
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Colonialism Two waves of colonialism
1600’s Spain and Portugal followed by others in the Americas Treaty of Tordesillas (divides western hemisphere) Late 1800’s numerous European states in Africa Berlin Conference (cuts up Africa) Political organization from colonialism remains Economic systems remain as well Many colonized countries still provide resource to more developed countries
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More on Colonialism and Expantionalism in Political Geography
Manifest destiny Treaty ports and Spheres of Influence Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the treaty ports, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality. Apartheid was a system of racial segregation in South Africa enforced through legislation by the National Party governments, the ruling party from 1948 to 1994, under which the rights, associations, and movements of the majority black inhabitants were curtailed and Afrikaner minority rule was maintained Balkanization used to describe the process of fragmentation or division of a region or state into smaller regions or states that are often hostile or non- cooperative with one another
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Capitalist World Economy
Established through colonialism Encourages Commodification Capitalism Freedom of competition Privately held industry and capital Goal of achieving profit Inequality inherent Communism Government ownership of industry and capital Goal of economic equality and classless society
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Capitalism and Communism
System of government is democratic Property is privately owned Driven by free enterprise Wealth distributed unevenly Education and health care provided by private entities Freedom of the press Class distinctions: upper class, middle class and working class Focus is on the individual and his/her own progress in life Communism System of government is totalitarian Property is owned by the state No free enterprise is allowed Wealth distributed equally Education and health care provided by the state Press controlled and owned by the state Classless society: all members of society are considered to be equal Focus is on the progress of the community as a whole
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Ideology The ideology of Capitalism The ideology of Communism
People need freedom When people compete against one another, they achieve greater things Some people have more than others because they make better use of their abilities Governments should not interfere with the rights of individuals to make their own living The government should interfere in the economy as little as possible The ideology of Communism People need one another When people work together as equals, they achieve greater things No-one should have more than anyone else - everybody's needs are equally important Governments should make sure that everyone's needs are being met There is central control of the economy
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Wallerstein’s World-Systems Theory
Emmanuel Wallerstein The world economy has one market and division of labor Despite multiple states most all economic activity occurs in the context of the global market The World economy has a 3-tier structure
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Wallerstein’s World-Systems Theory
Immanuel Wallerstein divides the capitalist world-economy into three areas: Peripheral Areas least developed; exploited by the core and semi-peripheral for their cheap labor, raw materials, and agricultural production Semi-Peripheral somewhat intermediate, being both exploited by the core and take some role in the exploitation of the peripheral areas In the recent past they have been expanding their manufacturing activities particularly in products that core nations no longer find very profitable.
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Wallerstein’s World-Systems Theory Continued
Core States promote capital accumulation internally through tax policy Promoting education government purchasing sponsorship of research and development financing infrastructural development (such as sewers, roads, airports—all privately constructed but publically financed) maintaining social order to minimize class struggle. promote capital accumulation in the world-economy itself have political, economic, and military power which allows them to dump unsafe goods in peripheral nations pay lower prices for raw materials than would be possible in a free market exploit the periphery for cheap labor abuse their consumers and workforce erect trade barriers and quotas establish and enforce patents.
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Wallerstein’s World-Systems Theory Map
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