1. Chapter 21 the Enlightenment and Revolutions
LESSON 1 – The Scientific Revolution
Population doubled 100mil to 200mil
Great on diagnosis short on cures
Spiritual explanation to rational explanation
Literacy on the rise thanks to Protestant push for public education
Deist – God was not active in day to day lives of people but rather created and put into motion humanity and the world

2. Setting the Stage for Revolution: The Enlightenment

3. Introduction and Review
During the 17th century in Europe, great instability due to wars & conflicts over religion (Catholic vs Protestant) & territory
Many countries turned to Absolutism to bring control

4. Definition Review
Absolutism:
A political system in which one ruler holds total power

5. This system led to problems
By the late 17th & 18th centuries, many people began to change their old ways of thinking

6. The Scientific Revolution
Brought new discoveries and theories to Europe causing people to question older, accepted explanations and beliefs
The Medieval View
Most knowledge in the Middle Ages comes from the Bible and Greek/Roman sources.
Supports geocentric theory—moon, sun, planets revolve around earth

7. A Revolutionary Model of the Universe
Geocentric Theory
The earth is the
center of the universe
The Heliocentric Theory
Sun is the center of the
universe
Widely accepted geocentric theory challenged as inaccurate
The Medieval View
Most knowledge in the Middle Ages comes from the Bible and Greek/Roman sources.
Supports geocentric theory—moon, sun, planets revolve around earth

8. The Scientific Revolution

9. A Revolutionary Model of the Universe
Copernicus develops the heliocentric theory—planets revolve around the sun caused much controversy
Nicolaus
Copernicus

10. The Catholic Church promoted the Geocentric Theory
When mathematicians proved Copernicus theory, people began to question the Catholic Church on other issues as well

11. A Revolutionary Model of the Universe
Galileo’s Discoveries
Italian scientist Galileo Galilei makes key advances in astronomy.
Heavenly bodies always seen as orbs of light
He makes discovery that they had material substance
Condemned by the Catholic Church
Galileo Galilei

12. Conflict with the Church
Church attacks Galileo’s work, fears it will weaken people’s faith
Pope forces Galileo to declare his and other new findings are wrong
Cristiano Banti's 1857 painting Galileo facing the Roman Inquisition

13. Newton Explains the Law of Gravity
Newton’s Theories
English scientist Isaac Newton develops theory of motion—(3 Laws of Motion) states some forces rule motion of planets, matter in space, and earth
LAW OF GRAVITY explains why planets orbit the sun
Isaac Newton in 1689

14. The Scientific Revolution Spreads
Medicine and the Human Body
Andreas Vesalius
Dissected human bodies
improves knowledge of anatomy
Andreas Vesalius

15. The Scientific Revolution Spreads
Medicine and the Human Body William Harvey
Determines the heart not the liver was critical to the circulation of blood

16. The Scientific Revolution Spreads
Discoveries in Chemistry
Robert Boyle
Conducts controlled experiments in Chemistry and the properties of gasses

17. Science Blunders
Several women did work in these fields, or worked with their husbands but most do not take their work seriously

18. The Roots of Modern Science
A New Way of Thinking
Renaissance prompts new ways of thinking ( )
Scientific Revolution—think differently about the natural world and humankind
New discoveries, overseas exploration open up thinking
Scholars make new developments in astronomy and mathematics

19. The Scientific Method The Father of Modern Rationalism
Rationalism – reason is the chief source of knowledge
René Descartes ( )
“I think therefore I am”

20. The Scientific Method
Old beliefs were being shown to be false, people began to look at things rationally and not believe what they were told without question

21. The Scientific Method Scientist should not rely on ancient authorities
He advocated inductive reasoning: going from the particular to the general
Francis Bacon ( )

22. The Scientific Method
Knowledge of the natural world should come through observation & experimentation
The result was the creation of the Scientific Method
A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence

23. The Scientific Method
This scientific method was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world

24. absolute rule? What was given as a justification for
It was the desire of the people
B. It was the birthright of the rulers
C. The idea of the “Divine Right of Kings”
D. It had always been done that way

25. People began to question old beliefs and ways
2. How did the Scientific Revolution contribute to big changes in political thinking?
People began to question old beliefs and ways
B. The Heliocentric Theory was disproven
C. The Church supported the Scientific Method
D. The Geocentric Theory was proven

26. What was the first reaction of the Catholic Church to many of the scientific theories?
They supported scientific research
They thought the Sun was the center of
the universe
C. They became Enlightened
D. They thought they were heresy

27. C. The Scientific Method D. An investigative council
4. What resulted from people demanding proof for natural theories involving the world and its forces?
A. The Social Contract
B. The Enlightenment
C. The Scientific Method
D. An investigative council