1. What EXACTLY do I need to know for this test?
Stuff you may know, but best to check and not be surprised.

2. Main Topics Water Properties Water… Availability (how much)
Distribution (where it is)
Fresh – ground and surface
Saline –oceans and estuaries

3. Water Properties

4. Properties of Water Concept Map
Molecular Polarity
Cohesion
Adhesion
Universal
Solvent
Surface
Tension
High Specific
Heat
Less Dense
As a Solid
Capillary Action

5. Atomic Structure
A water molecule (H2O), is made of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms. H O 1

6. Water is a Polar Molecule -electrically sticky on the ends!
One side of the molecule has a positive charge, while the other side has a negative charge.
Hydrogen: Positive
Oxygen: Negative

7. Polarity makes it water stick to itself and other things
Charged object H+

8. Cohesion 1

9. Surface Tension – cohesion across the surface

10. Adhesion
Water molecules will “tow” each other along when in a thin glass tube. This is called capillary action. This is the same process by which plants and trees remove nutrients from the soil, and paper towels soak up water.
Water is not only attracted to itself, but will make hydrogen bonds with other surfaces such as glass, soil, plant tissues, and cotton.

11. Capillary Action
Adhesion
+ Cohesion

12. Universal Solvent
Water is called the "universal solvent" because it dissolves more substances than any other liquid.
This means that wherever water goes, either through the ground or through our bodies, it takes along valuable chemicals, minerals, and nutrients.

13. Universal Solvent

14. High Specific Heat
Specific Heat: the heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of that substance to change it’s temperature by 1 degree Celsius.
Water can absorb or release large amounts of heat energy with little change in actual temperature. 1

15. Specific Heat Water has a high specific heat index.
This means that water can absorb a lot of heat before it begins to get hot.
This is why water is an excellent coolant and is very useful in industry and in your car's radiator as a coolant.
The high specific heat index of water also helps regulate the rate at which air changes temperature, which is why the temperature change between seasons is gradual rather than sudden, especially near the oceans.

16. Density
Liquid water has hydrogen bonds that are constantly being broken and reformed.
Frozen water forms a crystal-like lattice whereby molecules are set at fixed distances.
Water is less dense as a solid (ice) than as a liquid.

17. The Density of Water and Hydrogen Bonding

18. Solid Water Is Less Dense Than Liquid Water
Liquid Water: Less Space Between Molecules
Solid Water: More Space Between Molecules 1

19. Properties of Water Concept Map
Molecular Polarity
Cohesion
Universal
Solvent
Adhesion
Capillary Action
Surface
Tension
High Specific
Heat
Less Dense
As a Solid

20. The Hydrosphere Hydrosphere: the part of Earth that contains water
97% of Earth’s water is salt water
Only 3% is fresh water: (30% groundwater, 68% frozen, 2% on surface)

21. WATER CYCLE – QUICK REVIEW
1. Sun heats the water on the surface of Earth 
2. Freshwater evaporates into atmosphere as water vapor (salt in ocean stays behind) 
3. Water vapor cools & condenses on dust particles to form clouds 
4. Water falls back to Earth as precipitation in the form of rain, sleet, snow, or hail 
5. Precipitation that hits surface either gets absorbed into ground, stays trapped as standing water, or moves downhill as “run-off” back into lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, oceans
**The amount of water on Earth stays the same!!**

22. WHERE’S THE WATER?

23. Not critical to know but interesting…
The Great Lakes are the largest freshwater
System on earth. They contain 84% of
North America’s surface freshwater and
21% of the world’s surface fresh water
supply. Only the polar ice caps contain
more fresh water.

24. Freshwater Freshwater: < 1 g salt/kg of water
ONLY 3% of Earth’s water is fresh
2/3 of that is frozen in glaciers, ice caps, & icebergs (pieces of glaciers floating in ocean)
1/3 of that is liquid & accessible in lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, or underground

25. Freshwater Resources Most freshwater is frozen at the polar ice caps!!
Glaciers are masses of ice and snow that move slowly over the Earth’s surface.
(Icebergs have no land below them)

26. Freshwater Resources 1/3 of Earth’s freshwater is groundwater!!
Groundwater forms when water moves through soils and sediment and collects in spaces underground.
An aquifer is a rock layer that stores water in the spaces between the rock and allows water to flow through it.

27. Examine A River Basin

28. Water Drainage Patterns
Precipitation hits the surface of Earth 
1.) If Permeable/Pervious Surface = water will sink in Ex: Sand, Gravel, Dirt
2.) If Impermeable/Impervious Surface = water will not sink in, may be trapped in basin OR may run off from high  low elevation
Ex: Red Clay, Cement, Asphalt

29. Water Drainage Patterns
Divide = high ridge of land from which water will flow in different directions
Watershed/River Drainage Basin = drainage area where all water from one side of a divide flows, all water flows to one central river based on the topography (curves/elevation) of the land
What River Basin do we live in??
Neuse River (or Cape Fear)  Atlantic Ocean!

30. NC River Basins Largest basin in NC is the Cape Fear River Basin.
Durham’s water drains into the Neuse River Basin and the Cape Fear River Basin
All water east of the mountains drains to the Atlantic, to the west of the mountains drains to the Mississippi.
River health is directly related to what happens on the basin land.
Plants on the edge of rivers (riperian borders) keep pollutionand dirt out of the water.

31. Possible Water Flow Example
Precipitation 
Land 
Flows Downhill 
Stream 
River 
Larger River OR Lake 
Estuary = mix of fresh & salt water in a bay 
Ocean!!...all water ends up here 

32. Groundwater Water that seeps into the soil & is pulled down by gravity
Can move or sit under the surface if there are spaces between the rock/soil particles (permeable)
Water will seep down until it hits an impermeable surface, then fill up from there (like your bathtub with the drain closed!)
The region filled with ground water = Saturation Zone
The top surface of this area = Water Table

33. GROUNDWATER TO THE SURFACE VIA…
1.) Man-made Well – pipe dug into ground to extract water from aquifer
2.) Artesian Well – water flows naturally to surface because it’s under pressure
3.) Spring – water flows to surface because surface of land dips below water table
4.) Hot Spring/Geyser – water heated up by rocks, pushes up to surface due to pressure

34. Aquifers Underground permeable rock or sediment that contains water
Particles in ground act like filter to water!!

35. Aquifer – Groundwater Resevoir

36. Man-Made Well (drills below the water table, must be pumped up)

37. Artesian Well & Spring
Weight of the water above the opening pushes the water out.

38. OGALLALA AQUIFER – UNDER U.S.
Huge source of freshwater for drinking & irrigation in the U.S.
Depleting at alarming rate…
“The average annual depletion rate between 2000 and was more than twice that during the previous fifty years!”

39. Saltwater - Oceans One ocean, many basins.
Ocean is full of valuable resources – oil, minerals, nutrients, gases…but is finite.
The ocean is the world’s larges “carbon sink,” or place that can hold/absorb carbon. Cold water holds more than warm. As ocean temps increase, CO2 in the atmosphere goes up.
(The oceans absorb 90% of the atmospheric heat. Water’s high specific heat saves us daily from freezing or cooking. The oceans take the hit of global warming.)
Ocean acidification – CO2 carbonic acid
Dissolves shells
Kills coral reefs ……ecosystems die

40. Estuaries
Brackish (salt and fresh water combined) water where rivers and oceans meet.
Oceans are only as healthy as their estuaries
Area of high productivity (eggs laid, young born, mating…)
Mud, plants and mussels filter
Absorb flood waters
Endangered by human construction and upriver pollution

41. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJ3CKgZEitw &feature=player_embedded#!o