1. Articles

2. A/an indefinite article with countable nouns in singular
when we talk about something for the first time
There’s a car in the street.
b) usually after verbs to be, to become
She’s a teacher. He’s an architect.
c) to refer to quantity (= one)
I’ve got a brother.
d) fixed expressions (three times a week)

3. The definite article with countable in singular and plural
with uncountable nouns
a) definite reference (we talk about things we know)
the garden, the kitchen, the doctor’s, the door, the floor,...
b) something unique
the sun, the moon, the Earth, the sky, the Equator...

4. The c) musical instruments (the flute, the piano,...)
d) names of families (the Browns)
e) superlatives (the longest, the most interesting, )
f) ordinal numbers (the second, the twenty – fifth,...)
g) titles (the President, the Prince of Wales)
BUT not with names (Queen Elizabeth II)

5. The
h) words such as:
the cinema, the beach, the city, the coast, the radio,
the station, the church, the pub, the theatre,
the village, the weather, the world,...
time expressions
the beginning, the end, the next, the past, the future,
the morning, the afternoon, the evening, at the moment,
in the end,... )
BUT at night, at noon, by day

6. The – geographical names
rivers, seas, oceans, canals
the Pacific Ocean, the Thames, the Suez Canal, the Baltic
Sea,...
BUT not lakes (Lake Ontario)
b) mountain ranges (the Alps, the Krkonose Mountains)
BUT not single mountains (Mount Everest)
c) groups of islands (the Bahamas),
d) islands with ‘OF’ (the Isle of Man)

7. The – geographical names
d) states with ‘republic’, ‘states’, ‘kingdom’, ...
the USA, the United Kingdom, the Czech Republic,
the Ukraine, the Netherlands,...
e) the names with ‘of’
the south of England,...
BUT southern England

8. Zero article a) proper names (Paul, London,... )
b) days, months, holidays (Monday, June, Easter...)
c) languages (French)
BUT the French language
d) countries, continents, cities, mountains, lakes, islands
Italy, Europe, Manchester, Mount Snezka, Malta,...
e) sports, games, activities
volleyball, snooker, reading

9. Zero article f) colours (black, green,....)
g) possessive adjectives (my brother, his hair,.....)
h) means of transport (by bus, by train, on foot, …)
BUT on the bus, in the car,…
words: home, father, mother,…when we talk about our own home/parents,… (Dad is at home.)
j) making generalizations (Elephants are mammals.)