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Reform and Revolution in Russia
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Russian Empire Largest territory of any European nation
Highest population of any European nation Undeveloped natural resources Virtually landlocked (ports blocked by ice) Many ethnic groups; various languages, religions, histories, customs
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Nicholas I – Domestic Policy
Autocracy Liberal ideas from Europe affect ethnic minorities; calls for constitution “Russification” 1830s to counter liberalism Censor press and speech Force non-Russians to use Russian language, Orthodox church, Russian customs/traditions
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Nicholas I – Foreign Policy
Pan-Slavism-union of all Slavic peoples under Russian leadership; especially Balkans Expansion: east to Asia, south to Ottoman Empire Crimean War-1850s; defeated by Ottoman Empire; lost territories
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Alexander II Becomes czar in 1855
Established new form of local gov’t, councils called zemstvos Limited powers of secret police; expanded education; more freedoms to press; reorganized military
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Alexander II Labor Issues
Not enough workers for factories-industrialists call to release serfs Calls to eliminate serfdom-liberals & Europeans Modernize Russia-should not own people-Europeans had already abolish slavery Emancipation Edict-frees serfs, 1861
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Russian Radicals Nihilists-calls to build completely new Russia
Populists-educate/teach peasants, divide nobles land among peasants People’s Will-violent radical group, used terrorism to promote demands; assassinates Alexander II in 1881 with bomb attack
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Nicholas II Reaction to assassination is to become more conservative, ends liberal reforms, establishes censorship; intensifies Russification Pogroms-discrimination against Jews, led to massacres in 1881 Harsh reaction to Czar’s actions, liberals and radicals have support of new worker class 1898 socialists form Social Democratic Labor Party; grows increasingly radical
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Revolution of 1905 Russo-Japanese War-1904/1905; Japan defeats Russia; exposes corrupt inefficient government Pogroms against Jews intensifies “Bloody Sunday”-Jan 22, 1905;czar’s troops fire upon unarmed strikers; triggers revolution Czar issues October Manifesto-promises individual liberties, establishes Duma Revolution fails to unseat Czar/government Army remained loyal to Czar France loaned money to Czar’s government Revolutionary groups were not united in goals
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Vocabulary/Identify Autocracy Czar Russification Pan-Slavism
Emancipation Edit Zemstvos Nihilists Serfs Populists People’s Will Pogroms Social Democratic Labor Party October Manifesto Duma
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