1. IPA Practice
du ədəlts lərn sɛkənd læŋgwədʒəz θru sɪmpəl ɪkspoʒər æz du tʃɪldrən? Do

2. weɪt ənˈtɪl ðə flaɪ ɪz stɪl, ˈprɛfərəbli ɑn ə ˈsɜrfəs wɪð speɪs ɑn ˈiðər saɪd ʌv ɪt, æz wi ɔl wʊd laɪk tu ɪgˈzɪst, ˈivɪn ˈbɛtər ɪf ɪt ɪz ˈɑkjəˌpaɪd wɪð ɪts flaɪ ˈjoʊgə, ˈpæsɪŋ wʌn lɛg ˈoʊvər ɪts hɛd ænd ði əˈnʌðər. naʊ brɪŋ jʊər hæd ʌp ˈgræʤuəli
bɪˈhaɪnd ðə flaɪ ænd pɔz.
- haʊ tu kæʧ ə flaɪ baɪ
stiv streɪt
wait until the fly is still,
preferably on a surface
with space on either side of it,
as we all would like to exist,
even better if it is occupied
with its fly yoga, passing
one leg over its head
and the another. Now
bring your had up gradually behind the fly and pause.
- How to Catch a Fly by Steve Straight

3. Type in English and Transcribe to IPA
Type IPA
Practice little more:

4. Review Different alphabet represent different sounds in English.
There are 26 alphabets, and 44 different sounds.
Second language learners have difficulties identifying differences between the sounds.
They do not have sophisticated knowledge about sound system
They try to transfer similar sounds from their native language,
They may not have particular sound in their first language, and it requires special training
Their culture may find some of the ways of pronunciation not appropriate, that prevents them from producing or even trying to produce native like speech

5. Same alphabet does not represent the same sound in all context
Same alphabet does not represent the same sound in all context. It is dictated by the position of the letter, and the neighboring letters.
egg
epidemic
enzyme
theme
theta
eighth ɛg
 ɛpɪˈdɛmɪk
 ɛnˌzaɪm-
Θim-
 θeɪtə 
eɪtθ

6. Chapter 4 The Sound Patterns
Of Language

7. Phonology
Explains the system and patterns of speech sounds in a language
Does not necessarily talk about the variation of the same sound in different contexts.
Phonemes: Study of the underlying design of each sound type, the unique quality, that differs sounds from each other /t/,/p/,/k/ etc.
Natural Class: The categorization of sound system that share similar features, like /t/ and /h/ sounds are voiceless, so they are the member of same natural class.
the actual representation of each sound (features), (-) is used to mention the absence of some thing, while (+) is used to denote the presence
/k/- [-voice, +velar, +stop], /k/ - [-voiceless, +velar, +stop]
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is used to help accurately describe sounds

8. Allophones
A group of several phones (sounds) that represent versions of the same phoneme
There are a group of phones (sounds) that represent the /t/ in English
tar [tʰ a ɹ]
cat [k æ t]
water [w a ɾ ə ɹ]

9. Phonemes vs. Allophones
‘top’ [tʰ Ap] ‘cop’ [kʰ Ap] ‘pop’ [pʰ Ap]
‘stool’ [stul] ‘school’ [skul] ‘spool’ [spul]
‘eat’ [it] ‘eke’ [ik] ‘eep’ [ip]
Under this transcription:
I All the words in the 1st column share a sound: [t]
I All the words in the 2nd column share a sound: [k]
I All the words in the 3rd column share a sound: [p]

11. Aspiration Place your hand in front of your
The release of air after certain stops
In English, the following symbols represent aspirated sounds: /pʰ/, / tʰ/, and /kʰ/
/pʰ/ pit, pan, apart
/tʰ/ tick, tock, attire
/kʰ/ keep, cat, recur
Place your hand in front of your
mouth to feel the aspiration.

12. Aspiration
In English, aspiration typically occurs when the sound is present at the beginning of the first syllable (pit, cat); however, it can occur later in the word if the sound is stressed and followed by a vowel (apart, attire)
In English, aspirations do not come at the end of a word
Most languages do not have aspirations

13. Minimal Pairs
The words Phil and feel are a minimal pair. What do you think a minimal pair is?
“When two words are identical in phonetical form except for a contrast in one phoneme, occurring in the same position, the two words are described as a minimal pair.” (Yule 1985)

14. Minimal Pairs
ship
sheep
fill
feel
drank
drunk
sad
said
mad
made
Two identical sounding words except for 1 phoneme, which occurs in the same position in both words.
Focus on sounds, not on spelling!

15. Can you think of more examples?
Feel
Phil

16. Minimal Pair Examples shoes choose true through doze those poor four
ran
ram
think
thing
wish
which
arrive
alive

17. Phonotactics
A branch of phonology that deals with the rules governing the possible phoneme sequence in a language
Which sounds can precede and follow which other sounds
whether consonant clusters are allowed, and what sorts are allowed
whether a language has syllabic consonants, and if so which ones
whether length is contrastive in vowels
which sounds can occur in a syllable coda (

18. Phonotactics Think about this minimal set: big pig rig fig dig wig
Why aren’t lig and vig in this list?
Lig and vig are not English words, so they are not included in this set, even though they sound like they could be English language words.
Accidental Gaps – combinations of letters which phonotactically fit a language, but are not actual words in that language

19. Syllables
- contains a vowel or vowel-like sound
- contains an onset + rhyme (nucleus + coda)
Syllables that contain only onset and nucleus are called open syllables. They don’t have coda. All other syllables are called closed syllables
no, hi, my, tree, blue up, at, in, bat, run
When onset and coda contain more than one consonant, that is called consonant cluster
Stand twin first

20. Co-articulation Effects
While we speak the pronunciation of the last sound of preceding phone gets mixed with the sound of the first sound of the following word, that is called co-articulation effect. Did you see that movie last night? Would you say: [d I d] [j u] [s i] [ð æ t] [m u v i] [l æ s t] [n aj t] or [d I dʒ u] [s i] [ð æ] [m u v i] [l æ s] [n aj t]

21. Co-articulation Effects
Assimilation – When one sound becomes more like another nearby sound in terms of its phonetic characteristics
“did you” is often pronounced [d I dʒ u] when the [d] and [j] phones undergo assimilation
Elision – When a sound segment that might be pronounced when speaking carefully is left out of a word during casual speech
The [t] sound at the end of words in the middle of a sentence is frequently dropped: [ð æ] [m u v i] [l æ s] [n aj t]
The [d] sound is frequently dropped from friendship: [f ɹ ɛ n ʃ I p]

22. Co-articulation Effects
Nasalization – [pat] versus [pan]
What happens with can/can’t?
I can go.
I can’t go.

23. Not all sounds appear in all languages.
Korean ㄹ (L/R)
Korean speakers have difficulty articulating English words with the letters L and R
Minimal Pair:
lice / rice

24. Not all sounds appear in all languages.
Arabic ب /b/
Arabic does not have a /p/ sound, and Arabic speakers will often pronounce people as [bibl]
Dog bark or dog park?

25. Not all sounds appear in all languages.
In Spanish, words do not begin with S followed by a consonant: school, special, start
Spanish speakers will often pronounce these words as /ɛskul/, /ɛspɛʃl/ and /ɛstaɹt/
Spanish speakers do not have trouble with words that begin with S and are followed by a vowel, such as sand.
Even though stand and sand are not a true
minimal pair, they’re
good for practicing this!

26. Not all sounds appear in all languages.
θ and ð are very rare outside of English! Most languages do not use these sounds!
Students will often produce sounds such as /s/, /z/, /t/, or /d/ instead of /θ/ or /ð/