1. Crusades—Christians vs. Muslims for Control of Holy Lands
Middle Ages
Crusades—Christians vs. Muslims for Control of Holy Lands

2. Crusades Map

3. Crusades
In 1095, Muslim Turks invaded lands held by Christians of the Byzantine Empire: Jerusalem & all of Asia Minor
Pope Urban II asked all Christians to join a Crusade (military expedition) & fight the Muslims to take back these holy lands

4. The Christian Crusades

5. Motivations for the Crusades
Pope’s Goals—wanted to unite Roman Catholic (western Europe) & Eastern Orthodox (Byzantine Empire); show the supremacy of the Pope; & regain holy lands from Muslims
Crusaders’ Goals—pope offered forgiveness for sins & access to Heaven; gain riches; support Church
Merchants’ Goals—gain control of trade routes & dominate trade

7. Motivations for Crusades
Crusades became a religious, economic, & political conflict
Religious—defeat Muslims & retake holy lands, spread Christianity
Economic—gain trade routes
Political—unite Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodox Christianity, prove Pope’s power

8. CHRISTIANS
MUSLIMS

9. Fighting the Crusades
Between 50,000-60,000 knights became Crusaders to defeat Muslims; came from present-day France, Italy, Germany, England, Scotland, Spain
First Crusade—was only successful Crusade; claimed 400 miles of land from Edessa to Jerusalem in 1099; created 4 feudal states (Edessa, Acre, Triploi, Jerusalem), each ruled by a French noble

10. Path of the Crusades

11. Fighting the Crusades
After the First Crusade, Muslims took back Jerusalem & Edessa, which led to more Crusades that the Muslims won
Fourth Crusade—crusaders never fought Muslims but fought Byzantines; looted & burned Constantinople; these actions forever divided Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodox Christianity

13. Effects of the Crusades
Before the Crusades:
Everyone lived on a manor
Everything that was needed was made on the manor
Nothing was purchased from the outside except resources like salt & iron through fairs
So, now that the Crusaders have seen new places, how is this going to change Europe?

14. Effects of the Crusades
Cultural Diffusion—new products & ideas spread to Europe:
Foods—sugar, spices, herbs
Luxury Goods—ivory, pearls, silk, linen, cotton, glass mirrors
Navigation—shipbuilding ideas, accurate maps, astrolabe, compass
Math—Arabic numbers, algebra
Science—ideas in physics, astronomy; telescope

17. Mapping Activity
Locate on map: Constantinople, Edessa, Tripoli, Acre, Jerusalem, Venice, Rome, Islamic Empire, Byzantine Empire, Paris, Holy Roman Empire, Trace the First Crusade