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Information Transfer and Protein Synthesis

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Presentation on theme: "Information Transfer and Protein Synthesis"— Presentation transcript:

1 Information Transfer and Protein Synthesis
Chapter 10 Pages 221 to 241 Updated March 2006 Created by C. Ippolito March 2003

2 The Genetic Code Chapter 10 Sections 1 – 3 Pages 222-226
Homework: Check and Challenge p. 226 Updated March 2006 Created by C. Ippolito March 2003

3 DNA RNA Connection DNA controls cell by protein synthesis
DNA works through RNA Three kinds of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) – carries instructions to ribosome Transfer RNA (tRNA) – carries amino acids to ribosome Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – forms part of the ribosome Updated March 2006

4 Protein Synthesis DNA controls through TWO (2) processes:
Transcription – RNA synthesis – DNA acts as a template to form mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA Translation – protein synthesis – the RNA’s made by DNA interact at the ribosome to join amino acids Interactive Tutorial Link about Protein Synthesis PBS Interactive Link DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis Updated March 2006

5 Genetic Code 20 different amino acids Only variable in DNA are bases
Bases down side of helix “code” acids Sense side – makes protein Anti-sense side –replicates How many bases name an acid? 1 base code – only 4 acids named 2 base code – (4x4) only 16 acids named 3 base code – (4x4x4) allows 64 unique names Allows duplicate words (synonyms) for acids Allows “start” and “stop” codes Updated March 2006

6 Cracking the Code Nirenberg Experiment
NIH scientist studied process in bacteria Made mRNA of one base only “uracil” 20 test tubes – one for each amino acid Only test tube with phenylalanine formed a polypeptide Found first triplet “codon” uuu = phe Codon – 3 bases in DNA and mRNA that “names” an amino acid Experiment repeated by others to “translate” all codons Updated March 2006

7 The Genetic Code Is the same in ALL LIFE Note synonyms
Updated March 2006

8 Complete Check and Challenge on page 226
Homework Complete Check and Challenge on page 226 Updated March 2006 Created by C. Ippolito March 2003

9 Transcription Chapter 10 Sections 4 – 6 Pages 226 – 232
Homework: Check and Challenge p. 232 Updated March 2006 Created by C. Ippolito March 2003

10 RNA synthesis DNA never leaves nucleus
DNA directs formation of RNA’s in nucleus RNA’s are modified RNA’s move to cytosol Catalyzed by RNA polymerase Updated March 2006

11 Transcription RNA polymerase unzips DNA DNA template forms RNA
A  U, T  A, G  C, C  G DNA sequence ATT CGC ACC TAA forms RNA sequence UAA GCG UGG AUU Updated March 2006

12 DNA regions Promotor – marks start of protein
Coding Sequence – protein units Terminator – marks end of protein Updated March 2006

13 Initiation RNA polymerase binds to promotor
RNA polymerase unwinds coding region of DNA exposing “sense” strand Updated March 2006

14 Elongation RNA made as bases are matched
RNA polymerase moves down DNA adding to RNA “transcript” Updated March 2006

15 Termination RNA polymerase reaches end of “gene” RNA “transcript” released; RNA polymerase falls off DNA; DNA closes Updated March 2006

16 RNA processing Post transcription editing
Introns – cut out Exons – spliced together mRNA formed from spliced exons Updated March 2006

17 Complete Check and Challenge on page 232
Homework Complete Check and Challenge on page 232 Updated March 2006 Created by C. Ippolito March 2003

18 Translation Chapter 10 Sections 7 – 10 Pages 233 – 239
Homework: Check and Challenge p. 239 Updated March 2006 Created by C. Ippolito March 2003

19 tRNA charging Amino acids are attached to tRNA using ATP
Updated March 2006

20 Ribosome Composed of two subunits: Large & Small
Small subunit has TWO (2) binding sites: P-site – holds tRNA which is bonded to the growing polypeptide A-site – holds tRNA with the next amino acid to be added Updated March 2006

21 Initiation mRNA’s “start” sequence binds to small subunit
Large subunit locks on to small subunit All proteins start with a methionine-charged tRNA at the P-site Updated March 2006

22 Elongation Charged tRNA matches next codon at A-site
Updated March 2006

23 Elongation Amino acid on A-site tRNA bonds to “chain” tRNA at P-site
Updated March 2006

24 Elongation tRNA leaves P-site and tRNA at A-site moves over to P-site
mRNA moves over Next codon in A-site Process repeats Updated March 2006

25 Termination Protein binds to “stop” codon Polypeptide released
Updated March 2006

26 Termination Last tRNA released Ribosome separates Updated March 2006

27 Homework Complete Check and Challenge on page 239
And try the DNA Transcription Interactive Game Link Updated March 2006 Created by C. Ippolito March 2003

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