1. GENE MUTATIONS (in DNA)
GENE MUTATIONS (in DNA)

2. Point Mutations Happen At Single Nucleotide Points in DNA
Point Mutations Happen At Single Nucleotide Points in DNA
Substitution
One base changes to (“subs” for) another
Insertion
Base added (inserted)
Deletion
Base removed (deleted)

3. The Dog Ate The Fat Cat Substitution Deletion Insertion
The Dog Ate The Fat Rat
Deletion
The Oga Tet Hef Atr At..
Insertion
The Dog Tat Eth Efa Tra t

4. What kind of point mutation?
SUBSTITUTION

5. What kinds of point mutation?
INSERTION
DELETION

6. Insertions and Deletions Can Cause FRAMESHIFTS in the code!
Insertions and Deletions Can Cause FRAMESHIFTS in the code! 
One nucleotide affected every codon down the line—a frameshift!

7. CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS (affect whole chromosomes)
CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS (affect whole chromosomes)

8. What Would You Call It?
Deletion

9. One or more segment is repeated
What Would You Call It?
normal chromosome
one segment repeated
three repeats
Duplication
One or more segment is repeated

10. A linear stretch of DNA is reversed within the chromosome
What Would You Call It?
Inversion
A linear stretch of DNA is reversed within the chromosome

11. 
What Would You Call It?
chromosome
nonhomologous chromosome
reciprocal translocation
Translocation Entire gene segments are exchanged between non-homologous chromosomes!

12. Check Point

13. Mutations may be:  Silent or neutral (no effect)
Harmful or Fatal (bad effect)
Beneficial (good effect, low probability)