1. Overview of possible mechanisms by which activin can contribute to tumorigenesis.
Overview of possible mechanisms by which activin can contribute to tumorigenesis. Functions that have been demonstrated experimentally in cancer are indicated with arrows. These include alterations in angiogenesis, an increase in the number of Tregs and Langerhans cells and suppression of γδ T cell proliferation. Hypothetical functions, based on the results from other experimental systems, are shown with dashed arrows. These include stimulation of fibroblast proliferation and matrix deposition by these cells, modulation of inflammation, alteration of macrophage polarization, attraction and activation of mast cells and suppression of natural killer cells.
Maria Antsiferova, and Sabine Werner J Cell Sci 2012;125:
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