1. Helminthes

2. Classification of some medically important verms(worms)
Common Name
Scientific name
Phylum :Platyhelminthes
a-Class : Cestoda
b -Class: Trematoda
Tape worm
Flukes
Taenia , Echinococcus
Fasciola,Schistosoma , Clonorchis
Phylum: Aschelminthes
Class: Nematoda
Round worms
Ancylostoma ( hooks worm ) , Ascaris (Round worm ) , Enterobius ( pin worm )

3. Phylum :Platyhelminthes a-Class: Cestoda
General – characters of Cestodes:
1. Flattened, ribbon-shaped and segmented
2. Differ in size (few mms to several meters)
3. Covered with protective cuticle
4. The body has Scolex with organs of fixation e.g. suckers, hooks, Neck and Strobila: consists of segments (proglottids)
5. No digestive system
6. Excretion by flame cells
7. Genital system: hermaphrodite, each segment contains usually one set of male and female organs.
8. Habitat as regards man

5. a.Intestinal cestodes:
One: Taenia saginata (The Beef Tapeworm)
Disease:Taeniasis , Beef tape worm infection
Habitat :upper jejunum
Diagnosis: Microscopically be finding the eggs with hexacanth embryo or proglottids.
Treatment:Praziquantel

6. Two: Taenia solium (The Pork Tapeworm)
Disease: Taeniasis , Pork tape worm infection Habitat: Upper jejunum.
Diagnosis: Microscopically be finding the eggs with hexacanth embryo or proglottids
Treatment: Praziquantel

9. Overy in Taenia

10. Egg of Taenia spp.

11. b. Extra - intestinal cestodes ( tissue cestodes ):
Echinococcus granulosus
Disease :Echinococcosis , hydatid disease , hydatid cyst.
Morphology:
This is the smallest of all tapeworms (3 to 9 mm long) with only 3 proglottids. ( eggs is similar to those in Taenia = eggs with hexacanth embryo = Oncosphere)

12. Diagnosis :
-Clinical symptoms
-Pulmonary cysts can be visualized by using x-rays.
- ELISA or indirect hemagglutination test.
Treatment:
-Treatment involves surgical removal of cyst or inactivation of hydatid sand by injecting the cyst with 10% formalin and its removal within few (4-5) minutes.
-Prazequantel effective in many cases, Albendazole, in high doses, is an alternative.

14. Phylum :Platyhelminthes b –Class: Trematoda(Flukes)
General characters:
1. Flattened dorsoventrally
2. Bilaterally symmetrical unsegmented
3. No body cavity
4. Suckers usually two
5. Alimentary canal: blind tube without anus
6. Excretory system: flame cells and collecting tubes
7. Genital system: hermaphrodite except schistosomes

16. Hepatic fluke:
a. Fasciola hepatica
b. Clonorchis sinensis
Intestinal flukes :
Heterophyes heterophyes
Pulmonary flukes:
Paragonimus westermani
Blood flukes :
Schistosoma spp.

17. Blood flukes : Male Schistosoma spp. General:
1.Shorter and broader than the female
2.Two suckers

18. Female Schistosoma spp.
Longer and thinner than the male
Cylindrical
Suckers: poorly developed

19. Phylum: Aschelminthes Class: Nematoda ( Round Worms):
General characters:
1. Elongated, cylindrical, round in cross - section,unsegmented
2. Size: varies from less than one mm to one meter
3. Covered with protective cuticle
4. Digestive system: simple tube
5. Separate sexes
Male: Smaller in size than the female with curved posterior end
Female: Larger in size with straight posterior end.

20. a. Intestinal nematodes
1. Ascaris lumbricoides
2. Enterobius vermiculares
3. Trichuris trichiurs
4. Hookworms
b. Tissue nematodes:
1. Trichinella spiralis
2 Filariae

22. Ascaris lumbricoides:
Female Ascaris lumbricoides
Elongated, cylindrical, unsegmented, pink or creamy in colour with tapering ends
Size: x 0.5 cm
Posterior end: straight
Male Ascaris lumbricoides
Resembles the female but : smaller in size 15 – 25 x 0.4 cm Posterior end : curved ventrally

24. Ancylostoma duocenale (hook worms):
Ancylostoma duocenale female:
Size: 1,2 cm in length
Ancylostoma duodenale male:
-Resembles the female except: Slightly smaller in size 1.0 cm

26. You will 
pass with
 flying colors