1. ************** ADJECTIVE CLAUSES *****************
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2. clause: A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb.
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3. Independent clause: An independent clause is a complete sentence
Independent clause: An independent clause is a complete sentence. It contains the main subject and verb of a sentence. (It is also called a main clause.)
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4. dependent clause: A dependent clause is not a complete sentence
dependent clause: A dependent clause is not a complete sentence. It must be connected to an independent clause.
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5. adjective clause: An adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun.
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6. It describes, identifies, or gives further information about a noun
It describes, identifies, or gives further information about a noun. (An adjective clause is also called a relative clause.)
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7. USING SUBJECT PRONOUNS: WHO, WHICH, THAT
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8. I thanked the woman.
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9. She helped me.
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10. I thanked the woman who helped me.
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11. I thanked the woman that helped me.
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12. The book is mine.
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13. It is on the table.
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14. The book which is on the table is mine
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15. The book that is on the table is mine
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16. USING OBJECT PRONOUNS: WHO(M), WHICH, THAT
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17. 1. Pronoun Used As The Object Of A Verb
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18. The man was Mr. Jones.
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19. I saw him.
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20. The man who(m) I saw was Mr. Jones.
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21. The man that I saw was Mr. Jones.
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22. The man Ø I saw was Mr. Jones.
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23. The movie wasn't very good.
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24. We saw it last night.
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25. The movie which we saw last night wasn't very good.
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26. The movie that we saw last night wasn't very good.
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27. The movie Ø we saw last night wasn't very good.
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28. 2. Pronoun Used As The Object Of A Preposition
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29. She is the woman. I told you about her.
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30. She is the woman about whom I told you.
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31. She is the woman who(m) I told you about.
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32. She is the woman that I told you about.
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33. She is the woman Ø I told you about.
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34. The music was good. We listened to it last night.
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35. The music to which we listened last night was good.
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36. The music which we listened to last night was good.
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37. The music that we listened to last night was good.
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38. The music Ø we listened to last night was good.
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39. USING WHOSE
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40. I know the man. His bicycle was stolen.
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41. I know the man whose bicycle was stolen.
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42. The student writes well.
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43. I read her composition.
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44. The student Whose composition I read writes well.
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45. Mr. Catt has a painting. Its value is inestimable.
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46. Mr. Catt has a painting whose value is inestimable.
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47. As a subject pronoun, who is more common than that.
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48. As a subject pronoun, that is more common than which.
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49. Object pronouns are usually omitted.
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50. USING WHERE
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51. The building is very old.
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52. He lives there (in that building).
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53. The building where he lives is very old.
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54. The building in which he lives is very old.
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55. The building which he lives in is very old.
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56. The building that he lives in is very old.
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57. The building Ø he lives in is very old.
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58. USING WHEN
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59. I’ll never forget the day.
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60. I met you then (on that day).
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61. I’ll never forget the day when I met you.
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62. I’ll never forget the day of which I met you.
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63. I’ll never forget the day that I met you.
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64. I’ll never forget the day Ø I met you.
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65. USING ADJECTIVE CLAUSES TO MODIFY PRONOUNS
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66. There is someone (whom) I want you to meet.
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67. Everything he said was pure nonsense.
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68. Anybody who wants to come is welcome.
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69. Paula was the only one I knew at the party.
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70. Scholarships are available for those who need financial assistance.
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71. It is I who am responsible.
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72. He who laughs last laughs best.
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73. We sometimes fear that which we do not understand.
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74. The bread my mother makes is much better than that which you can buy at a store.
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75. PUNCTUATION OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
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76. Do not use commas if the adjective clause is necessary to identify the noun it modifies.
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77. Use commas if the adjective clause simply gives additional information and is not necessary to identify the noun it modifies.
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78. The professor who teaches Chemistry 101 is an excellent lecturer.
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79. Professor Wilson, who teaches Chemistry 101, is an excellent lecturer.
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80. Hawaii, which consists of eight principal islands, is a favorite vacation spot.
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81. Mrs. Smith, who is a retired teacher, does volunteer work at the hospital.
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82. The man who(m)/that/Ø I met teaches chemistry.
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83. Mr. Lee, whom I met yesterday, teaches chemistry.
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84. We took some children on a picnic.
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85. The children, who wanted to play soccer, ran to an open field as soon as we arrived at the park. (all of the children wanted to play soccer)
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86. We took some children on a picnic
We took some children on a picnic. The children who wanted to play soccer ran to an open field as soon as we arrived at the park. The others played a different game. (only some of the children wanted to play soccer.)
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87. USING EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
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88. In my class there are 20 students.
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89. Most of them are from the Far East.
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90. In my class there are 20 students, most of whom are from the Far East.
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91. He gave several reasons.
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92. Only a few of them were valid.
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93. He gave several reasons, only a few of which were valid.
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94. The teachers discussed Jim.
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95. One of his problems was poor study habits.
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96. The teachers discussed Jim, one of whose problems was poor study habits.
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97. USING NOUN + OF WHICH
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98. We have an antique table.
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99. The top of it has jade inlay.
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100. We have an antique table, the top of which has jade inlay.
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101. USING WHICH TO MODIFY A WHOLE SENTENCE
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102. Tom was late. That surprised me.
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103. Tom was late, which surprised me.
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104. The elevator is out of order. This is too bad.
The elevator is out of order, which is too bad.
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