1. Morphology Cont

2. Functions pg 136-7 Clark Derivational Inflectional
Morphemes that alter the meaning
In English prefixes or suffixes
Inflectional
Grammatical relationship/information
In English all suffixes

3. Inflectional of Derivational?
The {-er} in “bigger”
The {-ment} in “judgment”
The {un-} in “unkind”
The {-ing} in “walking”
The {-er} in “golfer”
The {-en} in “darken”

4. Hierarchy Words are formed in steps
When more than one affix = more than one step
Represent hierarchical structure with “trees”
Shows steps

5. Trees
Un.think.able
Think  thinkable  unthinkable A
un think able

6. Ambiguity What does unlockable mean? {un-1} A  A (‘not’)
Meaning 1: capable of being unlocked
Meaning 2: can’t be locked
{un-1} A  A (‘not’)
Unhappy, unthinkable
{un-2} V  V (reverse the action of V)
Untie, undo, unscrew

7. A closer look at ambiguity
A A
V A
un lock able un lock -able
can be unlocked cannot be locked

8. Allomorphy English Plural Written two ways Pronounced three ways
“cats”, “dogs”, “bicycles”, “wars”
“bushes”, “walruses”, “watches”
Pronounced three ways
[s]
[z]
[´z]

9. Allomorphy “cows” “flamingos” “toads” “partridges” “snakes”
“ostriches”
“giraffes”
“apes”

10. Allomorphy
[s]
[z]
[´z]

11. Allomorphy /z/ {-z} {-s} {´z} z  s / voiceless consonant __
z  ´z / frication __
z  z / elsewhere

12. How to do a morphology problem
Examine your data
Don’t be confused by unfamiliar symbols. You are looking for patterns in form and meaning.
Choose two similar items
Maybe they differ by only one or two symbols
Check the glosses for those items
The glosses for those similar items will differ slightly (perhaps in tense or subject).
Make a hypothesis
Hypothesize as to the difference in form and its relationship to the difference in meaning.
Test your hypothesis
Use other data to confirm or reject your hypothesis

13. Kanuri (a language spoken in Western Africa)
gana “small”
kura “big”
kurugu “long”
numkura “bigness”
numgana “smallness”
numkurugu “length”
First, examine your data…

14. Choose two similar items
gana
kura
kurugu
numkura
numgana
numkurugu

15. Check the glosses for those items
gana
kura “big”
kurugu
numkura “bigness”
numgana
numkurugu
Can you make a hypothesis based on this pair of words?

16. Test your hypothesis gana “small” kura “big” kurugu “long”
numkura “bigness”
numgana “smallness”
numkurugu “length”

17. Conclusion

18. Hanunoo (a language spoken in the Philippines)
usa “one”
usahi “make it one!”
duwa “two”
duwahi “make it two!”
upat “four”
upati “make it four!”
unum “six”
unumi “make it six!”

19. Choose two similar items
‘usa
‘usahi
duwa
duwahi
‘upat
‘upati
‘unum
‘unumi

20. Check the glosses for those items
‘usa
‘usahi
duwa “two”
duwahi “make it two!”
‘upat
‘upati
‘unum
‘unumi
Can you make a hypothesis??

21. Test your hypothesis ‘usa “one” ‘usahi “make it one!” duwa “two”
duwahi “make it two!”
‘upat “four”
‘upati “make it four!”
‘unum “six”
‘unumi “make it six!”

22. Make a new hypothesis and test it
‘usa “one”
‘usahi “make it one!”
duwa “two”
duwahi “make it two!”
‘upat “four”
‘upati “make it four!”
‘unum “six”
‘unumi “make it six!”

23. Conclusion

24. Arabic fasara “she/he discovered” fassara “she/he explained”
thakara “she/he remembered”
thakkara “she/he reminded”
bala’a “she/he reached”
balla’a “she/he brought”

25. Conclusion Infix reduplicate C2
“causative” action is shifted from doer to receiver

26. Homework
Due Monday 9/27