1. CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULING & COST CONTROLBy
PROF. LIAQAT ALI QURESHI
UET TAXILA

2. Planning & Scheduling Planning:
Process of choosing the method and order of work
Scheduling:
Process of determining the interrelationship of associated timings of operations.

3. Steps in Construction Scheduling
Splitting of the project into work activities
Determining logic relationships/interrelationships between activities.
Construction of Network Diagrams.
Assigning durations to work activities.
CPM Calculations resulting in start times, finish times and float calculations of activities.
Marking of critical Path
Construction of Bar Charts / Time phased diagrams.

4. Activity
An element of work performed during the course of a project. Or
An amount of work that can be identified so that we know what it involves and can recognize, when it starts and finishes.
An activity normally has an expected duration, an expected cost, and expected resource requirements

5. Network Diagrams
Any schematic display of the logical relationship of project activities.
Always drawn from left to right to reflect project chronology.
Usually a combination of arrows and nodes.
Mainly of two types:
1. Arrow Diagram
2. Node Diagram / Precedence Diagram

6. Arrow Diagrams
Activities shown by Arrows. Relationship between activities shown by nodes / events.
Length of arrows does not obey any scale.
Start-to-finish relationships.
Dummies.
Numbering of nodes / events.
Milestones

8. Use of Dummy Activity

9. Activity Durations
Activity duration is forecasted by any of the several means, including:
(1) Check Past Records.
(2) Check Standards and / or cost guides, if available.
(3) Ask the workers, who will do it
(4) make an educated guess
Any time units may be allotted to activity durations like days, hours, weeks, months, shifts, etc.
In CPM, a single duration is forecasted for an activity.
In PERT (Program Evaluation & Review Techniques), 3 durations are forecasted for an activity and mean taken by weighted average method. Then, Project’s Duration or any Event Completion Time is calculated by probability distribution.

10. CPM Calculations Calculates the following for each activity
EST = Earliest Starting Time
EFT = Earliest Finishing Time
LST = Latest Starting Time
LFT = Latest Finishing Time
TF = Total Float
FF = Free Float
Total Float is Maximum time for which an activity can be delayed without delaying the project.
Free Float is maximum time for which an activity cane be delayed without delaying the start of proceeding activity.
Total Float = Free Float + Interfering Float

11. Critical Path
The path (or paths) in the network diagram, from start to finish, on which all the activities have zero total and free floats, is called Critical Path.
It is the longest path (or paths) from start to finish in a net work diagram.
It gives minimum normal time to complete a project.
It is usually marked by double lined arrows in a network diagram.

12. SINGLE SPAN BRIDGE PROJECT
(ACTIVITY DESCRIPTION)
Activity Code
Operation
Dependence
Est. Dur.
(Days)
ENA
Earthworks, north abutment - 5
ESA
Earthworks, south abutment 4
CONN
Construction, north abutment 14
CONS
Construction, south abutment
ESA, CONN 12
COMN
Compaction, north abutment 2
CIMS
Compaction, south abutment
CONS, COMN
RNB
Road, north of bridge
RSB
Road, south of bridge
RNB,COMS PB
Prefabricate bridge deck 18 TD
Transport deck to site EB
Erect bridge deck
TD, CONN, CONS, COMN 3
LBS
Lay bridge surface
EB, RNB, RSB
ICB
Install crash barriers etc. 1 L
Landscape
RNB, RSB

15. Node Diagrams
Activities shown by Nodes, relationship between Activities shown by arrows or links.
Easier to construct.
Generally no need of dummies. Instead dummies used only to give single start or finish.
CPM Calculations similar to Arrow diagrams.

19. Bar Chart Gives Pictorial Representation of Activities.
Activities begin at EST and show their EFT, FF, TF, Durations, etc.
Arrows at the relative ends to show dependency.
Status Line Concept
Unable to show complete interdependency between Activities.
Time-scaled Network Diagrams show complete interdependency between Activities.

22. COST MANAGEMENT

23. COST MANAGEMENT
Includes processes required to ensure that the project is completed within the approved budget.
Processes involved are:
1- Resource Planning
2- Cost Estimating
3- Cost Budgeting
4- Cost Control

24. 1- Resource Planning
Involves determining what physical resources (people, equipment, materials etc) and what quantities of each should be used to perform project activities.

25. Inputs to Resource Planning
1. Work Breakdown Structure:
A deliverable-oriented grouping of project elements that organizes and defines the total scope of the project. It Identifies the project elements that will need resources.
2. Historical Information
3. Scope Statement:
Contains the project justification and the project objectives.

26. Inputs to Resource Planning
4. Resource Pool Description:
Knowledge of what resources are potentially available.
5. Organizational Policies:
The policies of the performing organization regarding staffing and the rental or purchase of supplies and equipment.

27. Tools and Techniques to Resource Planning
Expert Judgment
Alternative identifications:
To adopt different approaches for the same problem.

28. Outputs from Resource Planning
Resource Requirements:
Description of what types of resources are required and in what quantities for each element of the work break down structure.

29. Cost Estimating
Developing an approximation (estimates) of the costs of the resources needed to complete project activities.
Includes identifying and considering various costing alternatives.

30. Cost Estimating and Pricing
Cost Estimating involves developing an assessment of the likely quantitative result-how much will it cost the performing organization to provide the product or service involved.
Pricing is a business decision-how much will the performing organization charge for the product or service

31. Inputs to Cost Estimating
Work Breakdown Structure
Resource Requirement
Resource Rates:
scheduled or non-scheduled
Activity Duration Estimates
Historical Information
Chart of Accounts:
Describes the coding structure used by the performing organization to report financial information in its general ledger

32. Tools and Techniques for Cost Estimating
Analogous Estimating / Top-down Estimating:
Using the actual cost of a previous, similar project as the basis for estimating the cost of the current project. It is less costly but less accurate. (Rough-cost Estimate)
Parametric Modeling:
Using project characteristics (parameters) in a mathematical model to predict project costs.

33. Tools and Techniques for Cost Estimating
Bottom-up Estimating:
Estimating the cost of individual work items, then summarizing or rolling up the individual estimates to get a project title. (Detailed Estimate)
Computerized Tools:
Use of computerized tools such as project management software and spreadsheets to assist with cost estimating.

34. Outputs from Cost Estimating
Cost Estimates
Supporting Details like Scope of work, Calculation sheet, Assumptions made, Possible range of results, etc.
Cost Management Plan describing how cost variances will be managed.

35. Cost Budgeting
Allocation of overall cost estimates to individual work items in order to establish a cost baseline for measuring project performances.

36. Inputs to Cost Budgeting
Cost Estimates
Work Breakdown Structure
Project Schedule

37. Tools and Techniques for Cost Budgeting
Tools and Techniques for developing project Cost Estimates are used to develop budgets for work items as well

38. Outputs from Cost Budgeting
Cost Baseline
A time-phased budget that will be used to measure and monitor cost performance on the project. It is developed by summing estimated costs by period and is usually displayed in the form of an S- curve.

40. Cost Control Cost Control is concerned with
(a) Influencing the factors which create changes to the cost baseline to ensure that changes are beneficial.
(b) Determining that the cost baseline has changed
(c) Managing the actual changes when and as they occur

41. Cost Control Cost Control includes:
Monitoring cost performances to detect variances from plan.
Ensuring that all appropriate changes are recorded accurately in the cost baseline
Preventing incorrect, inappropriate, or unauthorized changes from being included in the cost baseline.
Informing appropriate stakeholders of authorized changes.

42. Inputs to Cost Control Cost Baseline Performance Reports
Provide information about cost performance such as which budgets have been met and which have not. It also alerts the project team to issues which may cause problems in the future.

43. Inputs to Cost Control Change Requests
These may occur in many forms-oral or written, direct or indirect, externally or internally initiated, and legally mandated or optional. These may require increasing the budget or may allow decreasing it.

44. Tools and Techniques for Cost Control
Cost Change Control System
It defines the procedures by which the cost baseline may be changed. It includes the paperwork, tracking systems, and approval levels necessary for authorizing changes.
Performance Measurement
It helps to assess the magnitude of any variations which do occur.

45. Tools and Techniques for Cost Control
Additional Planning
Perspective changes may require new or revised cost estimates or analysis of alternate approaches.
Computerized Tools

46. Outputs from Cost Control
Revised Cost Estimates
Budget Updates
Corrective Action
Estimate at Completion
It is a forecast of total project costs based on project performance.
Lessons Learned

47. OBJECTS OF COST CONTROL
1 – To have a knowledge of the profit and loss of the project throughout the duration of the project.
PROJECT PROFITS
Client payments.
Sale of surplus or scrap material and plant
Payments for plants or labor by others, where, this plant or labor is , from time to time not required for the project.
PROJECT LOSSES
Labor and site office costs
Plant costs
Site overheads i.e. site facilities, access roads and office etc
Cost of tendering including bonds, insurance, etc.
Material costs.
Head office overheads proportioned over all current projects.

48. OBJECTS OF COST CONTROL
2 – To have a comparison between the actual project performance and that conceived in the original project plan.
Comparison is basically done according to the following bases:
According to units of production
According to line items; e.g., labour, material, equipment, overheads, ---
3 – Provides feedback data on actual project performance to future project planning

49. THANK YOU