1. The Brain Continued
Objectives: Students will continue to analyze the parts and structures of the brain in order to evaluate the effects of brain abnormalities on human behavior.
Drill: Question from a past AP test
Blindness could result from damage to which cortex and lobe of the brain:
A. Visual cortex in the frontal lobe
B. Visual cortex in the temporal lobe
C. Sensory Cortex in the parietal lobe
D. Visual Cortex in the Occipital lobe
E. Cerebral Cortex in the Occipital Lobe

2. Fact or Fiction We only use 10% of our brain.
If a blind person uses one finger to read braille, the brain area dedicated to that finger expands.
Adult humans cannot generate new brain cells.

3. Brain structures
Ratio of Brain to body weight does provide clues to intelligence
Animals- varying levels of brain complexity- shark less complex, Rodents- more complex…can experience emotions and memory.
Humans- most advanced- can process more information and can have foresight
Brainstem found in fossils, but not the forebrain. It is therefore considered the “oldest” region.

4. Hindbrain- Responsible for Vital Bodily Functions
Medulla
Pons
Reticular Activating System
Cerebellum
Brainstem
The Brainstem (innermost region of the brain) works even when we are asleep managing life sustaining functions freeing higher parts of the brain to think, talk, dream and savor a memory.

5. Subcortical Brain Structures
Chapter 2: Neurons
Subcortical Brain Structures
Subcortical - underneath the cortex
Cerebellum
Basal ganglia
Medulla
Reticular Formation
Pons
Thalamus
Limbic system

6. The Midbrain
Contains the Tectum

7. The Forebrain
Receives and processes sensory information, thinking, perceiving, producing and understanding language, and controlling motor function.

8. The Limbic System
Hypothalamus
Amygdala
Hippocampus

9. Hypothalamus- “Pleasure Center of the Brain”
Chapter 2: Neurons
Hypothalamus- “Pleasure Center of the Brain”
involved in a variety of behaviors
sexual behavior
hunger, thirst
sleep
body temperature regulation
Controls All aspects of behavior that is regulated by hormones. Controls the Pituitary Gland.
The hypothalamus is made up different subregions or nuclei. These nuclei generally differ in terms of gross anatomy and funtion.
Sexual behavior: The medial preoptic and medial anterior hypothalamic nuclei of the hypothalamus are heavily involved in mating behaviors of animals. Damage to these areas results in a loss of mating behaviors. Electrical stimulation of these areas (or insertion of sex hormones in these areas) can elicit sexual behaviors.
Hunger: Lesions to the hypothalamus can lead to severe obesity or extreme weight loss, depending upon the region damaged.
Thirst: Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus can cause an animal to start drinking even in animals that have plenty of water in their systems. Neurons in the supraoptic nucleus of the hyopthalamus are sensitive to changes in the osmolarity of blood. These neurons control the secretion of vasopression, which is more commonly known as "anti-diuretic hormone" or ADH. ADH acts in the kidney to increase fluid retention.
Sleep:
Temperature regulation: Your body tries to keep the same body temperature regardless of how hot or cold it is outside. The hypothalamus helps maintain a contstant body temeprature. Hypothalamus contains temperature-sensitive neurons. Neurons in the posterior hypothalamus become active when you are cold; whereas, heat activates the anterior hypothalamus. Changes in body temperature can cause the hypothalumus to initate such behaviors as shivering, hunger, adrenaline secretion and fever to help you get back to the proper body temeperature.
Circadian rhythms: the suprachiasmatic nucleus (or SCN) of the hypothaamlus is thought to be involved in regulating the body's natural 24 hour rhythms.
Goal: Homeostasis. In an example with temperature, the hypothalamus once it receives signals from the environment, helps us to regulate body temperature to achieve homeostasis.

10. Hypothalamus and Hunger
Two sides of the Hypothalamus
The lateral hypothalamus sends the “Start” signal- HUNGER (Damage can cause starvation)
The ventromedial hypothalamus sends the “Stop” signal- SATIETY (Damage can result in overeating)

11. Hypothalamus Continued
Reward center of the brain- stimulated rats return to the point of exhaustion. Believed neurons in this area are releasing the neurotransmitter dopamine. What do excess amounts of dopamine in the brain do?
Humans did not react the same way- report mild pleasure.
Some researchers believe that addictive disorders such as alcohol dependence, drug abuse, and binge eating are due to a reward deficiency syndrome Brain’s reward system not working properly and people are craving missing pleasure so they keep going back to receive pleasure

12. Amygdala Amygdala ‘reads’ emotional significance of inputs
Chapter 2: Neurons
Amygdala
Amygdala ‘reads’ emotional significance of inputs
Ill tempered Rhesus Monkey Experiment – Rhesus monkey becomes placid once the brain was surgically altered (lesion).
key words: amygdala; emotion; limbic system

13. Hippocampus
Responsible for forming new memories.

14. Thalamus Relay station in brain
Chapter 2: Neurons
Thalamus
Relay station in brain
The thalamus receives and sends information for all senses except ____________________
A useful analogy I use to describe the thalamus is the flight patterns of airlines. Most airlines have "hub centers" - cities that virtually everyone on an airline's flight, no matter where they are flying from, will travel to first. For instance, Delta Airlines has a hub in Salt Lake City. Let's say there are flyers coming from Atlanta, New York and Philadelphia who all want to travel to Los Angeles. Most often, they won't go directly to Los Angeles. They will first go to Salt Lake City and then be will finally be sent to Los Angeles. The thalamus is much like Salt Lake City in this example. Sensory information (visual, auditory etc.) and motor infomration won't go directly to higher brain centers in the cerebral cortex. This information must first go to the thalamus which then sends the information to higher brain centers.

15. Four Lobes of the Brain Separated by fissures or folds
Chapter 2: Neurons
Four Lobes of the Brain
Separated by fissures or folds
In both hemispheres
key words: cerebral cortex; lobes; frontal; parietal; temporal; occipital

16. Sensory & Motor Cortex

17. Homunculus
This model shows what a man's body would look like if each part grew in proportion to the area of the cortex of the brain concerned with its movement
Homunculus means “little man” in Latin
Which parts of the motor cortex occupy more space? Why?

18. Plasticity What do you think of when you hear this word?
Definition: The Brain’s ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.
When one area damaged, other areas may take over it’s functions.
Example 1: Lose a finger and the other fingers may become more sensitive.
Example 2: In Deaf people whose native language is sign language, the temporal lobe waits in vain for stimulation. Finally, it looks for other signals to process, such as those from the visual system which may explain why some deaf people are believed to have enhanced peripheral vision.
Adult humans can generate new brain cells. Monkeys- neurogenesis- form thousands of new neurons daily.

19. AP Question
John is constantly overeating and can’t seem to control his appetite, no matter how hard he tries. It is possible that John may have damage in which of the following brain structures
1. Thalamus
2. Pons
3. Hypothalamus
4. Amygdala
5. Association Areas

20. AP Question
Why might we call some parts of the brain the old brain and some parts the new brain?
1. Old brain parts are what exist in very young children, and the new brain develops later
2. The old brain developed first according to evolution.
3. The old brain becomes more active as we grow older
4. The new brain deals with new information, while the old brain deals with information when we are children.
5. The old brain is most affected by age deterioration (dementias) while the new brain remains unaffected

21. AP Question
The three major categories researchers use to organize the entire brain are the
1. Old Brain, New Brain and Cerebral Cortex
2. Lower, Middle and Upper Brain
3. Hindbrain, Midbrain and Forebrain
4. Brain stem, limbic system, and cerebral cortex
5. Neurons, synapses and cerebral cortex

22. The Brain Review Game

23. Real life Detective Stories for the Brain
At your table groups, you will each be given a resource file. Each of you should take an article and read through the article. There are 4. If you have only 3 people at your table, then one person should read the two shortest articles.
Complete the graphic organizer on your notes sheet. Specifically, you are looking for:
Describe the condition that the patient is experiencing
Identify the anatomy of the brain that appears to be malfunctioning
Describe any relevant theories as to why it is malfunctioning
Once you are finished with individual work, share your findings with your partners.

24. Assessment- Brain Injury Review
Read the scenarios listed and identify the area where damage has occurred and the function of this portion of the anatomy of the brain.