1. Do Oxidized Lipoproteins Cause Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases? 
Benoit J. Arsenault, PhD, Raphaëlle Bourgeois, MSc, Patrick Mathieu, MD, MSc, FRCSC 
Canadian Journal of Cardiology 
Volume 33, Issue 12, Pages (December 2017)
DOI: /j.cjca
Copyright © 2017 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1
Pathobiological mechanisms through which oxidized (Ox) low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and lipoprotein(a) promote atherosclerosis and calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS). (A) LDL, OxLDL, and oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) enter into the subendothelial space. They are involved in the recruitment, activation, and proliferation of monocytes and macrophages. This process is observed in the early stages of atherosclerotic diseases. Activated macrophages or foam cells secrete growth factors, which leads to the migration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs). OxLDL and OxPL also stimulate platelet adhesion and aggregation, which could explain to a certain extent the thrombotic complications observed in advanced atherosclerosis. (B) OxLDL and lipoprotein(a) are also involved in the early stages of CAVS. This pathology is also initiated by the infiltration of OxLDL into the aortic valve, which ultimately induces the transition of valve interstitial cells into osteoblast-like cells. At the molecular level, the calcification process is driven by the oxidized phospholipid content of OxLDLs, which leads to the enzymatic generation of lysophosphatidic acid (LysoPA) via autotaxin (ATX). In turn, LysoPA promotes osteogenic transition though the production of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2). Also, activation of macrophages in aortic valve by OxLDL promotes the production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α and interleukin (IL)1β with pro-osteogenic properties. LPAR, lysophosphatidic acid receptors; LP-PLA2, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2; LysoPC, lysophosphatidylcholine; sPLA2, secretory phospholipase A2.
Canadian Journal of Cardiology  , DOI: ( /j.cjca )
Copyright © 2017 Canadian Cardiovascular Society Terms and Conditions