1. "By Opening up horizons one can cross the boundaries"
The world is changing fast in many ways impacting our Economies, social and political lives.
Assumptions associated with it have also undergone a complete makeover.
Old Economies are collapsing and at the same new economics are rising.
There are collaborations across the world.

2. Old industries are replaced by new ones
Old industries are replaced by new ones. Technology has worked as a rapid change agent.
Most of the industries and individuals that are finding it persistently difficult to cope with these changes as skills and knowledge soon become irrelevant and obsolete
The change on Macro level has its impact on micro level.
Therefore it is utmost important to understand macro & micro level changes for making necessary adjustments on each level.

3. Problems within the firm:
Out dated and rigid work norms
Restrictive and narrow job description
Too many non value adding activities
Idle manpower on one hand and high incidents of overtime on other hand
Maladjusted production schedule
Shortages of critical items on one hand and growing inventory on the other hand
Unbalanced work load and bottlenecks
Break-downs
Rejection and reworks
Absenteeism and labor turn over
Lack of accountability
Discontent, low morale and responsibilities.
Mismatch between authorities and responsibilities

4. Remedial approaches: Organizational:
Promoting transparency and participation
Role enrichment, versatile and flexible job description
Integrating functions like quality control and maintenance with production function
Flat and lean organization
Information and communication systems
Job rotation and group working

5. B. Normative:
Instead of fixed targets, agreeing to overall work load levels and rest periods
Day to day target modifications as per incidence of forced idle time and outside cycle work
Dynamic formulae for establishing targets with varying product mix and changing techniques
Continuous rebalancing of work load for fair distribution and removal of bottlenecks
Making traditionally non measurable work measurable

6. C. Technical: Effort reducing techniques Minimum transport layout
Multiple operative facilities
Ergonomic improvement
Health and safety measures

7. D. Economic: Evaluation of individual contribution
Sharing gains and loses with various stakeholder, especially employees
“Make or buy” decision

8. Remedial Devices used for these approaches:
Work measurement devices like: time and motion study, MOST etc
KAIZAN
Lean manufacturing, single piece flow, 5 S, TQM etc.
Agreement as a vehicle of participation
Audit of critical variables
Productivity linked remuneration schemes
Company performance linked schemes
Crisis situation plans
Monitoring the economics of a firm

9. THANK YOU Arvind Shrouti OPTION POSITIVE Pune,INDIA