1. 6.1 Mini Lecture
Radjewski
AP Biology 

2. ATP Adenosine triphosphate Energy currency in the cell
Formed from ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) with energy
Can be broken down by hydrolysis to form ADP and Pi which creates energy!
ATP + H20  ADP + Pi + free energy
Exergonic, because it is releasing free energy

5. Two ways ATP can be formed
Substrate – level phosphorylation
Involves the direct transfer of phosphate to ADP
Happens in glycolysis (next section)
Oxidative phosphorylation
Coupled reaction using a coenzyme called NADH
Done through chemiosmosis
Diffusion of protons across a membrane driving the synthesis of ATP

6. What is NADH? Nicatinamide adenine dinucleotide Coenzyme
Exists in 2 forms
Oxidized form, NAD+
Reduced form, NADH
NAD+ + H+ + 2e-  NADH
In a cell, the electrons do not remain with NADHa and oxygen accepts them to create Water
NADH + H+ + ½ O2  NAD+ + H20
REDOX
Oxidation – loss of 1 or more electrons (Oil)
Reduction – gain of 1 or more electrons (Rig)

8. Chemiosmosis Occurs in mitochondria and chloroplasts
Remember, middle of cell membrane is nonpolar, therefore protons (H+) cannot easily diffuse through
So H+ go through the membranes via H+ channel proteins
Due to a bunch of H+’s going through the membrane, a proton gradient forms
ATP synthase in the membrane uses the energy of the proton gradient to make ATP

9. What happens
To the H+’s?

10. Water is formed! Oxidation is always coupled with reduction
2H e- + ½ O2  H20
Oxygen is important to accept these electrons in an aerobic organism
Water is a product of cellular respiration (next section)

11. Introduction to Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO H20 + chemical energy
Carbohydrate usually is glucose C6H12O6 but can be other substances
Glucose is oxidized and oxygen is reduced
Occurs in all living organisms
Occurs in the cytoplasm and the mitochondria
Is related to photosynthesis by:
Similar reactants/products
ATP
Reduced coenzymes