1. The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology
Habitat
Diet

2. Conflict between microbe and host.
Why Chemistry?
Conflict between microbe and host.
Vibrio cholera toxin
inserting into intestinal cells.

3. Terms and Definitions to review and Remember:
Solution
Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons, isotopes, elements, molecules, ions, anions, cations, compounds, covalent bonds, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, pH, acids, and bases.
Suspension

4. Atom: smallest unit of an element Elements differ by number of protons

5. Molecule: atoms joined together with covalent bonds
Electrons are shared between atoms.
Forms strong bonds.
When atoms in the molecule are of different elements, the substance is called a “compound”.

6. Covalent bonds & polar molecules
Covalent Bonds: sharing of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Strong.
Oxygen is an electron hog; the electrons spend more time there leaving the hydrogen’s proton nearly naked (and somewhat positive): Water is a polar molecule
Water
mdp2.phys.ucl.ac.uk/ Talks/Ice/Ice.html

7. Hydrogen bonds:
Electrical attraction between electronegative oxygen atom and nearly naked proton.
Bonds made between polar molecules.
Weak bonds.

8. H-bonds hold large molecules together
Example: A-T base pair in DNA

9. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic
Surfaces made of molecules without polar groups (e.g. CH3CH2CH2CH2.) repel water.

10. H2O  H+ + OH- K = (H+ + OH-)/ H2O = 10-7
pH= -log [H+]
Logarithmic
pH 7 is neutral
Ranges from 0-14
Molecules that release H+ are acids; those that release OH- are bases.

11. Functional Groups

12. Chemical Reactions C12H22O11 + H2O 2 C6H12O6
Synthesis or decomposition reactions
More when we cover metabolism.
Reactants Products (general)
Substrate(s) Products (enzymatic)
C12H22O11 + H2O C6H12O6
Hydrolysis (left to right) Dehydration (right to left)
+ H2O

13. Small molecules (monomers) and macromolecules (polymers)
Ethylene and polyethylene

14. Four Classes of Biological Molecules
Carbohydrates
Sugars and their polymers
Nucleic acids and nucleotides
DNA, RNA, ATP
Lipids
Various hydrophobic molecules
Proteins and amino acids

15. Carbohydrates: CH2O Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, many others
Disaccharides: sucrose, lactose
Oligosaccharides: found on glycoproteins, in cytoplasm (oligo- means “few”)
Polysaccharides: starch, glycogen, agar, chitin, xanthan gum

19. A nucleotide: a monomer of DNA

20. Nucleic acids are the polymers made from nucleotides.
DNA tRNA

21. Structure of DNA

23. Phospholipids are essential building blocks for membranes;
sterol-type molecules are
rarely found in bacteria.

24. A lipid polymer: a biodegradable plastic
made by bacteria.

25. Inclusions of PHB in a bacterial cell