1. Haemodynamic response to exercise in a) normal subjects and b) Fontan patients.
Haemodynamic response to exercise in a) normal subjects and b) Fontan patients. In the normal circulation, exercise leads to a rise in aortic (Ao) pressure and a modest rise in systemic (S) venous pressure; right ventricular (RV) pressure increases, as does pulmonary artery (PA) pressure, leading to an increase in pulmonary (P) venous pressure and an increase in preload to the left ventricle (LV). In the Fontan circulation, systemic venous pressure is already high and must remain higher than pulmonary venous pressure to allow transpulmonary blood flow. The result is that, during exercise, there is little if any augmentation of ventricular preload. RA: right atrium; CPB: cavopulmonary bypass; LA: left atrium. Reproduced from [127] with permission from the publisher.
Paul Clift, and David Celermajer Eur Respir Rev 2016;25:
©2016 by European Respiratory Society