1. Chapter 16 GENDER ROLES Section 1: What Are Gender Roles?
HOLT Psychology
6/28/2019
Chapter 16 GENDER ROLES
Section 1: What Are Gender Roles?
Section 2: Gender Differences
Section 3: Gender Typing
Section 4: Variation in Gender Roles
Chapter 16

2. Chapter 16

3. Chapter 16
Section 1: What Are Gender Roles?
Question: What are gender roles and gender stereotypes and how do they differ?
GENDER
Gender Roles – widely accepted societal expectations about how males and females should behave
Gender Stereotypes – fixed and oversimplified beliefs about the ways in which men and women ought to behave
Gender roles are widely accepted standards of gender-specific behavior while gender stereotypes are rigid, distorted, and oversimplified beliefs about how men and women should behave

4. Gender Quiz: Are Women and Men Different?
T/F Women are the weaker sex.
T/F Boys are more group-centered, active, and aggressive than girls.
T/F Women are more emotional than men.
T/F Women talk more than men.
T/F Women suffer more from depression.
T/F Women are more likely than men to divulge personal information.
T/F Men smile more than women.
T/F Women and men don’t care whether a baby is a boy or a girl.
T/F Most women are confident about managing their financial affairs.
T/F A heart attack is more likely to be fatal for a man than for a woman.

5. Gender Quiz: Are Women and Men Different?
False Women are the weaker sex.
True Boys are more group-centered, active, and aggressive than girls.
False Women are more emotional than men.
False Women talk more than men.
True Women suffer more from depression.
False Women are more likely than men to divulge personal information.
False Men smile more than women.
False Women and men don’t care whether a baby is a boy or a girl.
False Most women are confident about managing their financial affairs.
False A heart attack is more likely to be fatal for a man than for a woman.

6. Categorizing Males and Females: Gender-Role Standards
Gender-role standard: Value, motive, or a class of behavior that is considered more appropriate for members of one sex than the other.
Girls are typically encouraged to assume expressive role:being kind, nurturant, cooperative and sensitive.
Taken together, a society’s gender-role standards describe how males and females are expected to behave and reflect the stereotypes by which we categorize and respond to members of each sex.

7. Chapter 16

8. GENDER DIFFERENCES Chapter 16
Section 2: Gender Differences
Question: How have some studies indicated gender differences in cognitive abilities, personality, and behavior?
GENDER DIFFERENCES
Differences in Cognitive Abilities – it has been noted that males and females each outperform the other in certain tasks
Differences in Personality and Behavior – women tend to exceed men in trust, nurturance and attention while men tend to exceed women in assertiveness

9. Some Facts and Fictions About Sex Differences
Small but reliable differences between females and male
Verbal ability, Visual spatial abilities, Mathematical ability, Aggression

10. Girls have greater verbal abilities than boys.
Verbal ability
Girls have greater verbal abilities than boys.
Girls acquire language and develop verbal skills at an earlier age.
Girls display small but consistent verbal advantage on tests of reading comprehension and speech fluency.

11. Visual/Spatial Abilities
Boys outperform girls on tests of visual/spatial abilities: the ability to draw inferences about or to mentally manipulate pictorial information.
Not large difference, but detectable as early as age 4 and persists across life span.

12. more males than females are exceptionally talented in math.
Mathematical Ability
Boys acquire more mathematical problem-solving strategies that enable them to outperform girls on complex word problems, geometry, and the SAT math portion.
more males than females are exceptionally talented in math.

13. Aggression
Boys are more physically and verbally aggressive than girls, starting as early as age two.
10 times more likely to be involved in antisocial behavior and violent crime during adolescence.
Girls display more covert forms of hostility such as undermining or ignoring.

14. Other possible differences
Other researchers have provided more possible differences:
Activity Level
Fear, Timidity, and Risk Taking
Developmental Vulnerability
Emotional Expressivity/Sensitivity
Compliance
Boys are more physically active than girls. Girls appear to be more fearful as early as the first year of life in uncertain situations. Most girls are more cautious and less assertive, and take less risks. Boys are more physically vulnerable to prenatal and perinatal hazards. Boys display more developmental problems. Females appear to be more sensitive and nurturing, but when studies in naturalistic settings, boys appear about equal. Finally, girls are usually more compliant than boys.

15. A Global View: Women around the World

16. Biological views Chapter 16
Section 3: Gender Typing
Question: What is gender typing, and what are several theories that explain how it may occur?
GENDER TYPING
Gender typing – different theories proposed to explain gender role developments
Biological views
Hormones : Genes are passed on
for survival , reproduction, or how
one behaves.

17. Biological Views continued
Chapter 16
Section 3: Gender Typing
Question: What is gender typing, and what are several theories that explain how it may occur?
Biological Views continued
Hormones: Lateralization is one theory that explains why boys and girls are different.
Lateralization – is where one side of the brain specializes over the other due to the influence of the sex hormones.

18. Psychological Views GENDER TYPING THEORIES
Chapter 16
Section 3: Gender Typing
Question: What is gender typing, and what are several theories that explain how it may occur?
Psychological Views
GENDER TYPING THEORIES
Psychoanalytic Theory – gender typing can be explained in terms of gender identification
Freud believed that one’s gender identity and preferences for a gender role emerge during the phallic stage.

19. Psychoanalytic Theory Continued
Chapter 16
Psychoanalytic Theory Continued
Said that boys identify with father’s out of fear of being castrated, thus resolving their Oedipus complex.
Girls, in trying to please their father’s incorporate their mother’s feminine attributes.

20. Psychological Views GENDER TYPING THEORIES
Chapter 16
Section 3: Gender Typing
Question: What is gender typing, and what are several theories that explain how it may occur?
Psychological Views
GENDER TYPING THEORIES
Social Learning Theory – gender role behavior is acquired through two different learning processes – reinforcement and modeling
According to Banduras children acquire gender identities and gender-role preferences in 2 ways:

21. Social Learning Theory Continued
Chapter 16
Social Learning Theory Continued
Direct tuition-children rewarded or punished for behaviors
Observational learning- in watching others children adopt attitudes and behaviors.

22. GENDER TYPING THEORIES (continued)
Chapter 16
Section 3: Gender Typing
Question: What is gender typing, and what are several theories that explain how it may occur?
GENDER TYPING THEORIES (continued)
Gender-Schema Theory – children play an important role in developing gender-appropriate behavior by forming their own concepts about gender and then shaping their behavior so that it conforms to their gender concepts

23. Gender Schema Theory Continued
Chapter 16
Gender Schema Theory Continued
Martin and Halverson claim that establishment of gender identity motivates a child to learn about sexes.
Child incorporates information into gender schemas-organized sets of beliefs and expectations about males and females

24. CHANGE IN GENDER ROLES AND VARIATION
Chapter 16
Section 4: Variation in Gender Roles
Question: How have gender roles changed over time, and in what ways can they vary from culture to culture?
CHANGE IN GENDER ROLES AND VARIATION
Increasing participation of women in activities long considered appropriate for men only
Men have taken on tasks previously performed by women
Gender roles in one society may be viewed differently in another culture

25. CHANGE IN GENDER ROLES AND VARIATION (continued)
Chapter 16
Section 4: Variation in Gender Roles
Question: How have gender roles changed over time, and in what ways can they vary from culture to culture?
CHANGE IN GENDER ROLES AND VARIATION (continued)
Men and women of different cultures could be expected to be aggressive or peaceful
Cultures may also have different ideas about who should be primarily responsible for raising children

26. Chapter 16
Question: What are the differences between gender roles and gender stereotypes?
Gender Roles
Gender Stereotypes