1. Understand how we look for and study solar systems other than our own.
Complex Knowledge: demonstrations of learning that go aboveand above and beyond what was explicitly taught.
Knowledge: meeting the learning goals and expectations.
Foundational knowledge: simpler procedures, isolated details, vocabulary.
Limited knowledge: know very little details but working toward a higher level.
Understand how our view of the solar system has changed over time and how discoveries made have led to our changing our view of the solar system.
Learn planetary characteristics such as number of moons, size, composition, type of atmosphere, gravity, temperature and surface features.
Understand the movement of planetary bodies.
Understand which planetary characteristics are more important than others when it relates to our understanding of other worlds.
Understand how proximity to the sun influences planets.
Understand the methods and tools scientists use to learn about other planets and moons in our solar system.
Understand the conditions needed for a habitable world and determine if there are habitable worlds in our solar system or outside the solar system.
Understand how we look for and study solar systems other than our own.

2. Kepler 10b First terrestrial planet found
You wouldn’t want to travel there
Orbits in less than a day
Much too close to it’s star,
Much too hot

5. Kepler 453b
First terrestrial planet found orbiting a binary star system
There are two suns
Orbits both of them far away as if they were one mass

10. .015 (squareroot) = .1225 x 10 = 1.225 times bigger than earth
9/365=.0247
AU = (p2)1/3
.015 (squareroot) = x 10 = times bigger than earth

15. This week’s questions:
How do astronomers use data to detect exoplanets?
Why are exoplanets so hard to observe directly?

16. What does a planet require to be habitable?
Today’s Questions!
What does a planet require to be habitable?
What does it mean to be habitable?

17. Habitable Zone a.k.a, the Goldilocks Zone
Credit ; NASA Ames/SETI Institute/D. Berry
The Kepler Mission uses the functional definition of a habitable zone as the distance from the star where liquid water could be retained on the surface of a planet. This illustrated the habitable zone in green is shown for stars of three sizes.
Goldilocks zone: Not too hot, not too cold….just right. In our own solar system, Venus is on the inner edge and Mars is on the outer edge of the habitable zone.
Habitable zones—the regions where liquid water could exist on planets orbiting there--vary in size and distance from the parent star depending on the star’s temperature.

18. First planets found! Depends on two factors:
Mass of star (brightness and heat given off – known as flux)
Distance from that star

19. Kepler’s Planet Candidates
In July 2015, the 7th catalog of Kepler planets was released.
Notice the large number of Earth-size planets in the new data release.
= July 2015
= Earlier catalogs
There are 4,696 planet candidates now known with the release of the seventh Kepler planet candidate catalog - an increase of 521 since the release of the previous catalog in Jan The blue dots show planet candidates from previous catalogs, while the yellow dots show new candidates from the seventh catalog. New planet candidates continue to be found at all periods and sizes due to continued improvement in the detection techniques. Notably, several of these new candidates are near-Earth-sized and at long orbital periods, where they have a chance of being rocky with liquid water on their surface.
Credit: NASA Ames/W. Stenzel.

20. Exoplanets Plotted
This figure plots exoplanet discoveries on a graph showing the size (radius) versus the orbital period.
What do you notice?
Kepler transit discoveries are shown as yellow dots. The pink dots represent transit discoveries by other means than Kepler.
The light blue dots represent discoveries using the radial velocity method (measuring the toward-and-away wobbles of stars induced by the gravitational tugs of orbiting planets). The other colors account for direct imaging and other methods.
The radial velocity method of exoplanet detection (blue planet dots) favors the discovery of larger, more massive planets because they have the largest—and thus more easily detectable—gravitational effect on their parent stars.
There are fewer verified Kepler discoveries (yellow dots) in the portion of the graph showing longer orbital periods because it takes longer to get the necessary three orbits to verify the planets’ existence.
Image credit: NASA Ames/Kepler Mission/N. Batalha.

21. The Discoveries
In January 2015, the Kepler Mission team announced its 1,000th verified extrasolar planet (“exoplanet”) discovery—including three more that are both less than two Earth diameters in size, and orbit within the “habitable zone” of their parent stars.
This brings the current total of habitable zone planets to (Only criteria is that the temp is between freezing point and boiling point of water)
If you also narrow your search to planets closer to Earths size and temperature, the number goes down to 53
Three of the 12 verified near-Earth-size planets orbiting in habitable zones are among the newly-validated. Two of these—Kepler-438b and Kepler-442b--are less than 1.5 times the diameter of Earth and are likely made of rock. They orbit stars smaller and cooler than the Sun, 475 and 1,100 light years away, respectively. Credit:  NASA Ames/Kepler Mission/W. Stenzel.
The Kepler team continues to analyze data gathered by the Kepler spacecraft during its four-year primary mission ( ), and continues to announce discoveries found in the data.
The initial verification of an exoplanet requires at least three periodic light dips in the star's brightness caused by transits of the planet in front of the star; more transits are desirable. In addition, "false positives"--other phenomena that masquerade as transiting exoplanets—must be eliminated. False positives can be caused by light from background eclipsing or grazing eclipsing binary star systems, background stars with transiting exoplanets, background flare stars, or other nearby transiting systems whose light mingles with the target star field. All of these sorts of false positives can be eliminated with ground-based observatories like Keck or other major telescopes; where the larger diameter collecting area of the telescope increases resolution, and thereby resolves objects that may be hidden in the Kepler target star's light curve, e.g., a bigger telescope will separate a background object from the target star so that false positives can be identified, and discarded. 

22. The Big Picture
One of the key questions Kepler was created to answer was whether there were other planets like Earth.
Most confirmed Earth-size planet discoveries orbit smaller and cooler stars than the sun and have short years—because these planets transit more often and are thus more readily confirmed.
M, K, and G stars are spectral classes of stars—categories which sort stars by their spectral typesm which essentially sorts them by surface temperature. M and K stars are cooler and G stars are hotter; the sun is a G-type star.
Credit: NASA/JPL-CalTech/R. Hurt
Kepler-452b—which took just over three Earth-years to make three orbits of its star—is the first discovery of an Earth-size planet orbiting a sun-like star in a period similar to Earth.

23. Proxima Centauri b It orbits a red dwarf, which gives off little heat.
It's a long trip. In 2015, NASA's New Horizons probe completed its 3-billion-mile (4.8 billion km) journey to Pluto after traveling for about 9.5 years. The spacecraft traveled at speeds topping 52,000 mph (84,000 km/h). At that rate, it would take New Horizons about 84,400 years to reach Proxima Centauri.
It orbits a red dwarf, which gives off little heat.
It also might be tidally locked, meaning the same side face the star at all times. 
Proxima b could be an “eyeball planet”, where the sun-facing side has a liquid ocean surface, while the dark side is covered in frozen ice. 

24. Kepler’s Earth-size Worlds
Of the Earth-size worlds discovered by Kepler Mission, only Kepler-452b orbits a star like our Sun.
The others orbit smaller and cooler stars.
Kepler-452b is the first near-Earth-Size planet in the habitable zone of a star very similar to the sun.
More: Kepler 20e was the first planet found that was smaller than Earth, orbiting a star slightly cooler and smaller than our sun every six days. But 20e is scorching hot and unable to maintain an atmosphere or a liquid water ocean. Kepler-22b was found to be the first planet in the habitable zone of its star, but is more than twice the size of Earth and therefore unlikely to have a solid surface. Kepler-186f is the first Earth-size planet found in the habitable zone of a small, cool M dwarf, which is about half the size and mass of our sun.
Artist’s conception. Credit: NASA Ames/Wendy Stenzl

25. Earth Similarity Index: How similar is a planet to earth on a scale of 0-1

26. Earth Similarity Index (ESI)—Similarity to Earth on a scale from 0 to 1, with 1 being the most Earth-like. ESI depends on the planet's radius, density, escape velocity, and surface temperature.
Standard Primary Habitability (SPH)—Suitability for vegetation on a scale from 0 to 1, with 1 being best-suited for growth. SPH depends on surface temperature (and relative humidity if known).
Habitable Zone Distance (HZD)—Distance from the center of the star's habitable zone, scaled so that −1 represents the inner edge of the zone, and +1 represents the outer edge. HZD depends on the star'sluminosity and temperature and the size of the planet's orbit. Note that even though many planets have an HZD value similar to Venus (−0.93), including Kepler-438b, the HZD is not used to rule on whether a planet has suffered a runaway greenhouse effect or not, and therefore, Kepler-438b is currently assumed to be a mesoplanet rather than a hyperthermoplanet.
Habitable Zone Composition (HZC)—Measure of bulk composition, where values close to zero are likely iron–rock–water mixtures. Values below −1 represent bodies likely composed mainly of iron, and values greater than +1 represent bodies likely composed mainly of gas. HZC depends on the planet's mass and radius.
Habitable Zone Atmosphere (HZA)—Potential for the planet to hold a habitable atmosphere, where values below −1 represent bodies likely with little or no atmosphere, and values above +1 represent bodies likely with thick hydrogen atmospheres (e.g. gas giants). Values between −1 and +1 are more likely to have atmospheres suitable for life, though zero is not necessarily ideal. HZA depends on the planet's mass,radius, orbit size, and the star's luminosity.
Planetary Class (pClass)—Classifies objects based on thermal zone (hot, warm, or cold, where warm is in the habitable zone) and mass (asteroidan, mercurian, subterran, terran, superterran, neptunian, and jovian).
Habitable Class (hClass)—Classifies habitable planets based on temperature: hypopsychroplanets (hP) = very cold (< −50 °C); psychroplanets (P) = cold; mesoplanets (M) = medium-temperature (0–50 °C; not to be confused with the other definition of mesoplanets); thermoplanets (T) = hot; hyperthermoplanets (hT) = very hot (> 100 °C). Mesoplanets would be ideal for complex life, whereas class hP or hT would only support extremophilic life. Non-habitable planets are simply given the class NH.

28. Homework! Due Tomorrow
On our website – under this week!

29. Record Your Data after doing the activity in your science journal

30. Tell me about your planet

31. Create a brochure for your planet
Here is information…take this and create a travel poster in your science journal