1. The North
United States History
Chapter 12

2. Section 1: The Industrial Revolution in America
I. The Industrial Revolution
A. A Need for Change
1. not enough goods are being produced to meet needs
2. Industrial Revolution-period of rapid growth in using machines for manufacturing & production of goods

3. B. Textile Industry
1. British water frame used water to power machines
2. could produce dozens of cotton threads at the same time

4. Spinning thread one spool at a time

5. Invented a large spinning machine called the water frame
Sir Richard Arkwright

6. Arkwright’ s invention allowed one person to spin many spools of thread
Water frame

7. New machines & Processes
A. Slater & His Secrets
1. Britain produces cloth more quickly and cheaper
2. British gov’t makes it illegal for mechanics or plans to leave the country

8. Brought the plans to build a water frame to America
Samuel Slater

9. 3. Samuel Slater
a. British mechanic memorized the plans
b. Immigrated to U.S. disguised as a farmer
c. Contacts Moses Brown & opens a mill
4. New England becomes the center of textile industry

10. Slater and Brown working to build a textile mill using the technology Slater brought from England

11. Slater’s improved water frame

12. B. A Manufacturing Breakthrough
1. Eli Whitney
a. introduced idea of mass producing guns for U.S. gov’t
b. interchangeable parts-making parts that are identical

13. b. improved over British technology
2. Whitney’s influence
a. mass production-efficient production of large numbers of identical goods
b. improved over British technology 2

14. Convinced the governmen t to mass produce guns so that the parts where interchang eable
Eli Whitney

15. III. Manufacturing Grows Slowly
United States
Britain
More land, more farmers
Workers want better wages
Businesses have hard time competing with Britain’s lower prices
Less land, fewer farms, more factory workers
More factory workers- lower wages
Charge lower prices than American businesses

16. 1. no longer able to get goods from Britain
B. War of 1812
1. no longer able to get goods from Britain
2. British ships blockade seaports, no trade from other countries
3. Am. factories begin to produce more goods—profits go up

17. Section 2: Changes in Working Life
I. Mills Change Worker’s Lives
A. Slater’s Workers
1. mill owners could not find enough workers
2. hired families to work in mills
3. children paid low wages
4. Slater provided housing for workers
5. built close to cities to provide workers

18. Slater’s first mill built in Pawtucket, Rhode Island

22. 2. divided factory work into simple tasks
B. Rhode Island System
1. hired families
2. divided factory work into simple tasks
3. recruiters often went to poor communities to look for workers

23. Lowell System
Francis Cabot Lowell
1. mills employed young, unmarried women from local farms
2. spin & weave cloth at the same mill
3. women lived in boarding houses

24. Introduc e the Lowell system that would spin cotton thread and weave it into cloth at the same mill
Francis Cabot Lowell

25. Boston manufacturing mill built by Lowell

26. Lowell Mills

27. Work Day
1. long hours hour day
2. low pay $2-4 a week
3. cotton dust caused health problems chronic cough

29. Working at a weaving machine

33. Workers Organize
Beginning of Trade Unions
trade union-groups that tried to improve pay & working conditions
employers did not want unions
strikes-workers refuse to work
strikes not successful-courts & police supported companies

34. B. Labor Reform Efforts
1. Sarah G. Bagley founded the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association
2. wanted a 10 hr work day
3. played a large role in reforming the labor movement

35. Two teenagers who worked at Lowell Mills
Lowell workers

36. Section 3: Transportation Revolution
I. Trade & Daily Life
A. Transportation Revolution
1. period of rapid growth in speed & convenience of travel
2. creates a boom in business

37. II. Steamboats
A. Steamboat Era
1. Robert Fulton invented the steamboat
2. steamboat allows faster travel up stream

38. Robert Fulton’s Clermont The first full sized commercial steamboat

39. 1. Ogden sued Gibbons-said Gibbons couldn’t use Ogden’s waters
B. Gibbons v Ogden
1. Ogden sued Gibbons-said Gibbons couldn’t use Ogden’s waters
2. Supreme Court reinforced fed. gov’t
authority to regulate trade between states

40. American Railroads
Peter Cooper
1. built a small steam locomotive called “Tom Thumb”
2. showed the power & speed of steam powered trains
3. railroad had to run up & down steep mountains, tight curves, over rivers

41. Built the small locomotive called the Tom Thumb
Peter Cooper

42. B. Railroads
1. connected most major cities in east
2. economy grows-more goods shipped than any other country
3. railroad companies become the most powerful business in nation
Transportation Revolution Brings Changes
A. New Fuel
1. wood is replaced by coal
2. coal mining industry booms
3. steel made by heating iron ore to very high temps
4. steel used to make the rails

43. Passenger train in the early 1800s

44. Train going over a trestle bridge build out of wood

45. Mine coal
coal used to heat ore to high temps
ore is made into steel
steel used to make rails for
trains
provides a better track than iron

46. B. Effect of Railroads
1. logging industry expands
2. settlers travel quicker to new lands
3. deforestation-cutting down & removing trees
4. Chicago became an important transportation hub

47. Section 4: More Technological Advances
I. Telegraph Speeds Communication A. Samuel F. B. Morse 1. telegraph sends information over wires across great distances 2. Morse code is a combination of dots & dashes that represent the alphabet II. Steam Power & New Factories A. Factories Flourish 1. steam powered machines replace water powered 2. build factories almost anywhere 3. many build close to cities

48. Perfected the telegraph
Samuel F. B. Morse

49. Improved Farm Equipment John Deere-invented a steel blade plow
Cyrus McCormick
developed the mechanical reaper
both inventions helped farmers
increased the production of crops
IV. Changing Life at Home
A. Isaac Singer
1. improved the sewing machine
2. companies mass produce products
3. prices of goods goes down
4. more families can afford items

50. John Deere

51. Inventor of the mechanica l reaper
Cyrus McCormick

52. Isaac Singer