1. C = 2 Gibbs phase rule F = C – P + 2 Pressure Temp. Comp. xA F = 3

2. Pressure-composition diagrams
Fixed T
Pressure
F = 3
F = 0
F = 1
Temp.
F = 2
Comp. xA

3. Temperature-composition diagrams
Pressure
F = 3
F = 0
F = 1
Temp.
Fixed P
F = 2
Comp. xA
Temperature-composition diagrams

4. Temperature-composition diagrams
Ideal solution
Fixed P

5. Temperature-composition diagrams
B: non volatile
this was a condition for
a simple expression for boiling point elevation
(together with )
Fixed P

6. T-x diagrams: Boiling point elevation
C = 2
T-x diagrams: Boiling point elevation
B: non volatile
Fixed P

7. T-x diagrams: Boiling point elevation
C = 2
T-x diagrams: Boiling point elevation
B: non volatile
Fixed P

8. T-x diagrams: Boiling point elevation
C = 2
T-x diagrams: Boiling point elevation
B: non volatile
Only liquid or solid B
Fixed P

9. T-x diagrams: Boiling point elevation
C = 2
T-x diagrams: Boiling point elevation
B: non volatile
Boiling point elevation
Fixed P

11. Phase diagrams: Lever rule
C = 2
Phase diagrams: Lever rule }
Lever rule
P > 1

12. Temperature-composition diagrams
GE >> 0
Non-ideal solutions
vapour
GE = 0
liquid
GE < 0
GE << 0

13. Temperature-composition diagrams
vapour
P = 1
P = 2
P = 1
vapour
liquid
P = 2
liquid
P = 2
P = 1
Low boiling azeotrope
High boiling azeotrope
H2O/Eth: 4 78°C
H2O/HCl: °C

14. Impossible azeotropes
C = 2
Impossible azeotropes
would lead to g-g separation

16. Liquid-liquid separation (oiling out)
C = 2
Liquid-liquid separation (oiling out)
Upper Critical (Solution) Temperature
Nitrobenzene/hexane
H2O / triethylamine
Lower Critical (Solution) Temperature
Lever rule

17. Liquid-liquid separation (oiling out)
C = 2
Liquid-liquid separation (oiling out)
Upper Critical (Solution) Temperature
Solid Solution
H2O / nicotine
Pd/H
Lower Critical (Solution) Temperature
Lever rule

18. L-L separation in liquid-gas phase diagram
C = 2
L-L separation in liquid-gas phase diagram
P = 3
Lever rule
F’ = C – P + 1

19. Solid-liquid phase diagram
C = 2
Solid-liquid phase diagram
Eutectic: A(s) and B(s) not miscible
Te(utectic)
P = 3
Lever rule

20. Solid-liquid phase diagram
C = 2
Solid-liquid phase diagram
Compound
C = AB
Te(utectic)
Te(utectic)
P = 3
P = 3
Lever rule

21. Solid-liquid phase diagram
C = 2
Solid-liquid phase diagram
Compound
C = AB
Te(utectic)
Te(utectic)
P = 3
P = 3
Lever rule

22. Solid-liquid phase diagram
C = 2
Solid-liquid phase diagram
Lever rule

23. Solid-liquid phase diagram
C = 2
Solid-liquid phase diagram
peritectic
Incongruent melting
Lever rule
Solid solutions

24. Condensed matter phase diagrams
Liquid crystals
(mesophase)
nematic smectic cholesteric

25. Condensed matter phase diagrams
Liquid crystals

26. Condensed matter phase diagrams
Liquid crystals