1. 7th Grade

2. Introduction
-One of the largest and longest lasting Empires in History
-Replaced the Byzantine Empire
-Heart of the Ottoman Empire was located in present-day Turkey

3. The Birth of the Ottoman Empire
Introduction
Roman Empire split in 395
This area (Anatolia and Southeast Europe) was part of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire)
Turks from Central Asia begin to invade and conquer parts of the Byzantine Empire
These Turks became known as Ottomans
Due to the name of their leader, Osman

4. Byzantine Empire Falls
1453: Ottomans, led by Sultan Mehmet II) defeated the Byzantine Empire when they captured Constantinople (Heart of Byzantine Empire)
Constantinople is renamed Istanbul and made the capital of the Ottoman Empire.
Became an important center of trade and wealth
Effects of the Fall of Constantinople:
Scholars fled from the new empire to Italy where their influence sparked the Renaissance
Muslim dominance of the trading center increased pressure on Western nations to find new trade routes to the east by going west. (Age of Exploration)

5. The Ottomans Millet System Devshirme System
Non-Muslim communities were organized according to the millet system.
Minority (religious, ethnic) communities had a limited amount of power to make some of their own decisions.
Devshirme System
Non-Muslims had to hand over some of their children as a tax.
Converted to Islam and served as slaves
Trained for government service
Served as Janissaries, elite military corps of the Ottoman Empire
Very important to the Sultan and became vital to his power. (Played an important role in the conquest of Constantinople)

6. Sultan Sultan is the title given for the leader of the Ottoman Empire.
What are some other titles we have heard of for different leaders of different empires? Russian? Roman? etc.
Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent led the Ottoman Empire to its height.

7. The Empire at its Height
Reached its peak of power in the mid-1500s under the rule of Suleyman I (Suleiman the Magnificent)
Stretched from present-day Hungary in Europe to the Persian Gulf and Red Sea in Asia.
Suleyman had no internal rivals for power.
The lands of Eastern Europe and Eastern Mediterranean were united under a single ruler which brought a time of peace and stability caused the Empire to flourish.
This peace and stability attracted craftsman, artists, and intellectuals to Istanbul.
Suleiman was “The Magnificent” by Europeans or “The Lawgiver” by his own people.

8. The Empire at its Height
Ottomans wealth gained through trade
Busiest trade routes ran through the empire
Ottomans controlled trade on rivers as well as ports on important seas (Black Sea and Mediterranean)
Ottomans wealth gained through taxes
When other lands were conquered, sultans appointed officials to collect taxes from their new subjects.

9. Religious Tolerance
- The Ottoman empire was made of many different ethnic groups since it covered such a large area.
- Turks, Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Armenians
Ottomans were Muslim and spread Islam throughout the empire.
They had religious tolerance: existing religious groups could keep their own practices and communities within the empire

10. Decline
Began declining in 1683 when the second attempt to conquer Vienna failed.
Without the conquest of Europe, and the inability to obtain new wealth, the Ottoman Empire went into a slow decline.
Other Factors
European expansion
Economic Problems: trade competition from the Americas, development of other trade routes
Ottoman Empire became less centralized
Low quality Sultans
Empire lasted into 1900s, but lost most of its territory after WWI.
1923 Turkey, the last part of the Ottoman Empire becomes a republic.